Bio 110 Lab Differentiation And Animal Tissue Types

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Origin of connective tissues

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Mesodermal

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Function of connective tissues

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Support and connect epithelial with body organs

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Structure of connective tissues

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Relatively few cells

Extracellular matrix: protein fibers, glycoproteins, proteoglycans

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Importance of connective tissue components

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Nutrient exchange between two different organ systems

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Types of connective tissues

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Collagenous

Specialized

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Classification of collagenous connective tissue is based on

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Amount and arrangement of collagen

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Types of collagenous connective tissues

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Loose

Dense regular

Dense irregular

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Examples of specialized connective tissues

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Osteocytes

Adipose

Hyaline cartilage

Macrophage

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Function of adipose tissues

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Store triglycerides, for energy source and thermal insulation

Replace cellular and fibrous elements

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Function of hyaline cartilage

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Contains chondrocytes: cells responsible for cartilage formation

Extracellular matrix is composed of collagen, chondroitin sulfates, and proteins

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Function of bone

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Contains osteocytes: mature bone cells

Osteoblasts, immature bone cells, secrete collagen fibers and ground substance of extracellular matrix

Hardened by the precipitation of calcium salts

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Function of blood

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Composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that circulate throughout body

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Types of muscle tissues

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Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

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Function of skeletal muscle

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Voluntary

Movement of skeleton, eye, and tongue

Innervated motor neurons

Release hormones and neurotransmitters that activate sacrolemma: plasma nembrane of muscle cell

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Function of nervous tissue

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Regulate central and peripheral nervous systems

Vary per organ, in terms of shape, size, and complexity

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Epithelial tissue

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Connective tissue

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Muscle tissue

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Nervous tissue

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Squamous epithelium

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Cuboidal epithelium

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Columnar epithelium

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Simple epithelium

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Stratified epithelium

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Simple squamous epithelium

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Stratified squamous epithelium

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Simple cuboidal epithelium

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Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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Simple columnar epithelium

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Stratified columnar epithelium

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Dense regular collagenous connective tissue

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Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

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Loose collagenous connective tissue

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Adipose specialized connective tissue

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Hyaline cartilage specialized connective tissue

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Bone specialized connective tissue

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Blood specialized connective tissue

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Skeletal muscle

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Cardiac muscle

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Smooth muscle

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Typical neuron

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Neurons in the brain

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Sensory neuron

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Motor neuron from spinal cord

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Characteristics of sperm cell

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Very small

Has lots of mitochondria, which provide energy to move tail

Haploid

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Characteristics of egg cell

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Holds many nutrients needed to start a new organism

Haploid

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Stem cells

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Completely undifferentiated

Have capacity to specialize

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Embryonic stem cells

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Found in early human embryos

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Differentiation

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Process by which cells become specialized for their role

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Cells in developed organisms

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Most are specialized and lose the ability to differentiate

Those that can still differentiate replace lost cells

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Adult stem cells

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Found in bone marrow

Can differentiate into different blood cells

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Characteristics of meristems

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Don't fully differentiate

Stay as stem cells throughout plant's life

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Significance of meristems

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Plants can be cloned with meristems

Rare species can be replicated to reduce extinction risk

Identical crop plants with desirable characteristics can be grown

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Stem cell utilization process

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1. Isolate stem cells

2. Clone in laboratory

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Significance of human stem cells

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Potential to replace any damaged cell in body

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Process of replacing damaged blood cells with stem cells

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Adult stem cells from healthy person's bone marrow are transferred to bone marrow of the patient

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Issues with using stem cells to treat diseases

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Made in other organisms, so may be recognized as foreign and destroyed

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Process and significance of therapeutic cloning

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Embryo with same genetic material as patient is made

Stem cells taken from embryo will not be rejected

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Risks of therapeutic cloning

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Stem cells may pick up a virus while being grown in lab

Ethical issues: embryos have potential for human life

But embryos are usually unwanted and would otherwise be destroyed

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Function of simple squamous epithelium

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Lines blood vessels and body cavities

Regulates passage of substances into underlying tissue

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Function of simple cuboidal epithelium

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Glandular (secreting) tissue

Kidney tubules

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Function of simple columnar epithelium

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Absorption

Usually has apical cilia or microvilli

Lines stomach and intestines

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Function of stratified squamous epithelium

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Protection against microorganisms, invading underlying tissue, and water loss

Skin epidermis

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Function of stratified cuboidal epithelium

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Excretory ducts of salivary and sweat glands

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Function of stratified columnar epithelium

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Mucous membrane (conjunctiva) lining eyelids

Both protective and mucus-secreting

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Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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Lines upper respiratory tract

Has a lot of cilia