Bio 101 Test 2

Front 1

Double helix

Back 1

2 long chain molecules spiraled around each other, resembling a "twisted ladder"

Front 2

Watson & Crick

Back 2

1953, two researchers who determined that DNA was a double helix molecule

Front 3

Friedrich Miescher

Back 3

person who first identified DNA in 1869

Hint 3

None

Front 4

Oswald Avery

Back 4

shape and functioning of DNA

Hint 4

None

Front 5

Rosalind Franklin

Back 5

provided a crucial x-ray photograph, demonstrated that DNA had a double helix shape.

Front 6

Nucleus

Back 6

where DNA is located

Front 7

Chromosomes

Back 7

DNA bundled into groups of chromosomes inside nucleus

Front 8

Sugar

Back 8

Deoxyribose (sugar) is a 5 carbon-ringed sugar, missing one hydroxyl (-OH)

Front 9

Phosphate

Back 9

molecular subunit made up of a phosphorous atom and four oxygen atoms

Front 10

Hydrogen Bonds

Back 10

how the nitrogen bases (A, T, G & C) are loosely attached to each other.

Hint 10

None

Front 11

Nitrogen Bases

Back 11

The steps or rungs of which the DNA molecules are made up of: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine & Cytosine

Hint 11

None

Front 12

Uracil

Back 12

nitrogen base found in RNA, not DNA

Front 13

3 Functions of DNA

Back 13

replication, gene code, mold for RNA

Front 14

Replication

Back 14

process when DNA uncoils and splits in two, each half provides a mold for the other side

Front 15

Codon

Back 15

code/message for an amino acid, every 3 bases

Front 16

Gene

Back 16

message for the protein

Front 17

Gene Code

Back 17

the message of heredity

Front 18

RNA

Back 18

makes proteins in cytoplasm of cell

Front 19

DNA-RNA Differences (2)

Back 19

Sugar in RNA is Ribose, Thymine is replaced by Uracil.

Front 20

4 Types of RNA

Back 20

messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, small RNA

Front 21

m-RNA appearance

Back 21

half strand of DNA

Front 22

m-RNA function

Back 22

forms a mold on which the proteins are built

Front 23

Transcription

Back 23

process where DNA makes RNA in the nucleus

Front 24

Translation

Back 24

process where RNA goes into cytoplasm to make protein

Front 25

t-RNA

Back 25

form of RNA which transports amino acids

Front 26

Anti-Codon

Back 26

sequence of 3 bases on t-RNA which are direct opposites to a codon on M-RNA

Front 27

Small RNAs

Back 27

operate many of the cell’s controls, particularly regulating levels of gene expression, range in length from 21-28

Front 28

MicroRNAs (miRNA)

Back 28

inhibit translation of RNA into protein

Front 29

Regulator

Back 29

portion of gene which may be detached, produces a M-RNA that produces a "repressor protein"

Front 30

Repressor

Back 30

protein that can regulate a gene by turning it on and off

Front 31

Promoter

Back 31

The "on switch." A base sequence on DNA where RNA polymerase binds, an enzyme that initiates the synthesis (transcription) of M-RNA.

Front 32

Operator

Back 32

the “off switch.”

Front 33

Exon

Back 33

The actual part of the DNA gene which codes for a protein

Hint 33

None

Front 34

Intron

Back 34

“non-coding” segments of DNA between the exons of a gene

Hint 34

None

Front 35

Exon Shuffling

Back 35

recombination between protein coding regions (exons) of different genes

Front 36

Enhancers

Back 36

short region of DNA, can be bound with proteins, to enhance transcription levels of genes in a gene-cluster. does not need to be particularly close to the genes it acts on, but it is on the same chromosome.

Front 37

Gregor Mendel

Back 37

the "father of genetics" for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants.

Hint 37

None

Front 38

Locus

Back 38

specific points on chromosomes where genes are located

Front 39

Allele

Back 39

alternate forms of the same gene (ex. eye color-blue, green, brown)

Front 40

Meiosis

Back 40

the division of a cell into 4 daughter cells with each resulting cell having only half the # of chromosomes as the starting cell

Front 41

Diploid

Back 41

A cell that has two sets of chromosomes; one set from the father and one from the mother

Front 42

Dominant

Back 42

The gene that is displayed or expressed in a mixed pair (heterozygote)

Front 43

Recessive

Back 43

The gene which is not displayed or expressed

Front 44

Haploid

Back 44

a single set of chromosomes (half of the full set of genetic material). In humans, the haploid number of chromosomes is 23.

Front 45

Shared Dominance

Back 45

when 2 genes in the allele pair are expressed equally

Front 46

Homozygote

Back 46

when two genes in an allele are the same (identical)

Front 47

Heterozygote

Back 47

when two genes in an allele are different

Front 48

Genotype

Back 48

the “representation” of a gene

Front 49

Phenotype

Back 49

the displayed trait that you see (red hair, green eyes)

Front 50

Polygenic

Back 50

Traits controlled by more than one pair of genes

Hint 50

None

Front 51

Multi-factorial

Back 51

when two or more genes work together to lead to a phenotype

Hint 51

None

Front 52

X-Linked

Back 52

gene located on the x-chromosome

Front 53

Autosomal

Back 53

A locus on any chromosome but a sex chromosome. Not sex-linked.

Front 54

Huntington’s Disorder

Back 54

located on chromosome 4, Causes severe nervous disorders which become progressively worse.

Front 55

Dwarfism

Back 55

chromosome 4, Condition characterized by normal head and torso development by short limbs.

Front 56

Cystic Fibrosis

Back 56

chromosome 7, Produce thick mucous in lungs which impede breathing

Front 57

Sickle Cell Anemia

Back 57

chromosome 11, An inherited, defect in hemoglobin, causes distortion (sickling) and loss of functional red blood cells, causes damage to organs throughout the body.

Front 58

Tay Sachs

Back 58

chromosome 15, Effected individuals cannot remove waste products from nerve cells

Front 59

Hemophelia

Back 59

x-linked disorder

Front 60

Aneuploidy

Back 60

Variation in chromosome number involving one or a small number of chromosomes

Front 61

Translocation

Back 61

Material (genes) switch from 1 chromosome to the other in the pair.

Front 62

Trisomy

Back 62

an extra chromosome

Front 63

Monosomy

Back 63

missing chromosome

Front 64

Genome (Human)

Back 64

all genes of an organism

Front 65

Down’s Syndrome

Back 65

Moderate retardation combined with systemic problems

Front 66

Turner’s Syndrome

Back 66

Females short, infertile, heavy neck, do not develop secondary sexual characteristics.

Front 67

25th Chromosome

Back 67

mitochondria of the cell that possess DNA, chromosome M

Front 68

Restriction Enzyme

Back 68

group of enzymes that bacteria possesses which are able to split or cut DNA

Front 69

RFLP

Back 69

slight differences in non-critical portions of their DNA

Hint 69

None

Front 70

Tandem Repeats

Back 70

A segment of DNA where the base sequence keeps repeating

Front 71

Microsatellites (STRP)

Back 71

tandem repeats of short nucleotide sequences

Hint 71

None

Front 72

Electrophoresis

Back 72

process of ‘pulling’ the DNA fragments through an agar gel

Front 73

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Back 73

process of making many copies of DNA from a small sample

Front 74

GM Products

Back 74

genetically modified

Front 75

SNP’s

Back 75

Single base differences found in each gene and contribute to our individuality

Front 76

Gene Chips/Microarrays

Back 76

Small devices containing 5,000 short segments of DNA which can be used to rapidly identify specific genetic defects

Front 77

PGD (Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis)

Back 77

A technique in which embryos are tested for specific genetic disorders before being replaced into the womb