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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the BA planning & monitoring knowledge area meant to ensure? |
That the business analysis effort produces the expected outcomes.
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What does the BA planning & monitoring knowledge describe?
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The work involved in monitoring and reporting on work performed |
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What must a business analyst do if stakeholder expectations are not met?
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Take corrective action
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What are the inputs into BA planning & monitoring?
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- BA Performance Metrics - Business Need - Enterprise Architecture - Expert Judgment - Operational Process Assets |
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What does the "BA Approach" describe?
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- the overall process that will be followed - how and when tasks will be performed - techniques that will be used - deliverables that will be produced |
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True or False? Elements from different BA approaches may be combined.
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True, however, only a subset of all possible combinations will be viable for the organization
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In order to plan the BA approach, the BA must understand _________ and _____ that apply to the initiative.
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Organizational process needs and objectives
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When planning the BA approach, needs and objectives may include what?
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- Compatibility with other organizational processes - Constraints on time-to-market - Compliance with regulatory and government frameworks - Evaluation of new approaches to solution development |
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Organizations may have _____ or ____ standards in place regarding how BA analysis is done
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Formal or informal
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True or False? If an organizational standard exists for the BA approach, the BA must use it.
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False. Even if a standard exists, it must be tailored to the needs of the specific initiative
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The BA Approach is often based on or related to ________.
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The project approach
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What are the inputs into the task of "Plan BA Approach"?
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- Business Need - Expert Judgment - Organizational Process Assets |
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What purpose does the Business Need serve as an input to planning the BA Approach?
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It allows the business analyst to consider: - the risks associated - the timeframe in which the need must be addressed - how well the need is understood - whether a plan- or change-driven approach is appropriate |
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What purpose does "Expert Judgment" serve as an input to planning the BA Approach?
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Used to determine the optimal BA approach
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Which types of sources may "Expert judgment" be provided by?
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- stakeholders in the initiative - organizational Centers of Competency - Consultants - Associations and industry groups |
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Prior experience by _______ and other _____ should be considered when selecting or modifying a BA Approach.
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Business Analysts and stakeholders
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How are Organizational Process Assets used as an input to "Plan BA Approach"?
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- help define BA approach by including methodologies for process change or software development - tools or techniques that are understood by stakeholders - corporate governance standards - templates for deliverables |
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What are the outputs of the "Plan BA Approach" task?
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Business Analysis Approach
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Which tasks consume the "BA Approach"?
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2.3 - Plan BA Activities 2.5 - Plan Requirements Management Process |
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Almost all methodologies fall along a spectrum between ______ and ______.
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Plan-driven and change-driven
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When does the plan-driven approach tends to be preferred?
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- In situations where requirements can be effectively defined in advance of implementation. - risk of an incorrect implementation is unacceptably high - managing stakeholder interactions presents significant challenges |
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What do plan-driven approaches focus on?
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Minimizing up-front uncertainty and ensuring that the solution is fully defined before implementation begins in order to maximize control and minimize risk. |
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Who typically has the approval authority on a plan-driven initiative?
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Selected stakeholders and the project sponsor
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What are two examples of plan-driven approaches?
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Waterfall and business process re-engineering
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What do change-driven approaches focus on?
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Rapid delivery of business value in short iterations
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Change-driven approaches accept a higher degree of _____ regarding the overall delivery of the solution.
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Uncertainty
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When is a change-driven approach likely to be preferred?
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- when taking an exploratory approach to finding the best solution - incremental improvement of an existing solution |
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Who is responsible for approving requirements in a change-driven approach?
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A single individual who is an active participant in the team's daily activities |
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What are some examples of change-driven approaches? |
Agile and continuous improvement projects
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What are the elements of "Plan BA Approach"?
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- Timing of the BA work - Formality and level of detail of BA Deliverables - Requirements Prioritization - Change Management - BA Planning Process - Communication with Stakeholders - Requirements analysis and Management tools - Project Complexity |
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In which BA Approach does most of the BA work occur at the beginning of the project or during one project phase?
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Plan-driven
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In a change-driven approach, BA affect conducted early to produce an initial list of high-level requirements is also referred to as what?
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Envisioning
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In which BA Approach emphasizes prioritization?
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Change-driven
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In a plan-driven approach, changes only occur when they are _____ ______ and can be ____ _____.
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Genuinely necessary and clearly justified
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In a plan-driven approach, changes impact both the ____ and ___ scope.
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Solution and project
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Why do changes tend to increase toward the end of plan-driven projects?
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- loosely scoped projects - changing management priorities - business reorganization - regulatory change - changing business requirements |
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Change-driven approaches presume what?
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That it is difficult to identify all requirements in advance of their implementation. |
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True or False? Change-driven approaches do not have a separate change management process.
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True. Changes are simply prioritized for an iteration using the same criteria as new features and capabilities.
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The BA Plan is often integrated into what?
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A larger project plan.
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In planning the BA Approach, communication may be ___ or ____, ____ or _____.
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Written or verbal, formal or informal
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Which BA Approach favors formal communication methods?
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Plan-driven
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Which BA Approach relies on frequency of communication?
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Change-driven
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What element of planning the BA Approach may shape the selection of business analysis techniques, notations to be used, and the way the requirements will be packaged?
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Requirements Analysis and Management tools
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Which factors of the "Project Complexity" element of planning the BA Approach must be taken into consideration?
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- complexity of the project - nature of the deliverables - overall risk to the business needs |
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What factors may increase the complexity of the project?
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- number of stakeholders - number of business areas affected - number of business systems affected - amount and nature of risk - uniqueness of requirements - number of technical resources required |
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Which types of projects may increase the level of uncertainty when planning the BA approach?
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- new venture - marketing - research |
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Which types of projects tend to have a lower level of uncertainty when planning the BA approach?
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- accounting - finance |
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Why would an organization need knowledge regarding a solution to be maintained over the long term?
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- possibility of solution outsourcing - turnover within project team - geographical distribution of participants - key personnel are on contract and will not be available after implementation |
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Which techniques are used in the "Plan BA Approach" task?
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- Decision Analysis - Process Modeling - Structured Walkthrough |
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How is the "Decision Analysis" technique used in the "Plan BA Approach" task?
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To rate available methodologies against the organizational needs and objectives |
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How is the "Process Modeling" technique used in the "Plan BA Approach" task?
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To define and document the BA Approach
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How is the "Structured Walkthrough" technique used in the "Plan BA Approach" task?
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As a means of validating a created, selected, or tailored BA Approach
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The selected BA approach may depend on the availability and involvement of which types of stakeholders?
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Customer, Domain SME, End User, or Supplier
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The BA Approach should be compatible with the implementation lifecycle of which stakeholder type?
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Implementation SME
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Which stakeholder type must ensure that the BA Approach is compatible with other project activities?
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Project Manager
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Which stakeholder type must facilitate appropriate testing activities?
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Tester
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Aspects of the approach or decisions made in the tailor process of the the BA Approach may require approval from which stakeholder type?
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Regulator
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The availability and involvement of which stakeholder type may impact the BA Approach taken?
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Sponsor
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What is the output of the Plan BA Approach task?
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Business Analysis Approach
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What might a BA Approach specify?
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- Team Roles - Deliverables - Analysis Techniques - Timing and frequency of stakeholder interactions |
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What is a methodology?
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A formalized and repeatable business analysis approach.
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The BA Approach may eventually be added to the organization's repository of ____ ____.
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Process Assets
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What are four key considerations when selecting a BA Approach?
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- Methodologies available - Needs and objectives - Standards in place - Project approach |
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What is an "Approach"?
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An overall "process" for conducting business analysis on a given project. Includes activities and techniques to be performed (and when), and the outputs that will be produced
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What are two process improvements approaches that may be chosen for a BA Approach?
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Lean and Six Sigma
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What is a "Waterfall" approach?
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A software development method in which each stage of the development lifecycle is performed only once and in sequence.
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What is an "Agile" Approach"?
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A software development method based on an iterative approach that brings all stages of development closer together in short iterations.
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When is "Stakeholder Analysis" performed?
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Early in a project and continues throughout business analysis
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What is the purpose of "Stakeholder Analysis"?
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To identify stakeholders who: - may be affect by a proposed initiative - share a common business need - are appropriate for the project or project phase - have influence or authority regarding approval of project deliverables |
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The ___, ____, and ___ over the requirements must be clearly described for each stakeholder or stakeholder group.
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Roles, Responsibilities, and Authority
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Stakeholder analysis involves understanding stakeholder ___ and ___ towards the initiative.
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Influence and Attitude
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Stakeholder analysis involves assessing positive and negative ___ and ___ that may affect the outcome of the initiative.
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Attitudes and Behaviors
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What are the inputs to the "Stakeholder Analysis" tasks?
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- Business need - Enterprise Architecture - Organizational Process Assets |
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How is the "Business Need" used as an input to "Stakeholder Analysis"?
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- to identify and analyze the position of stakeholders affected by it - to assist in identifying additional stakeholders - understanding how stakeholders may have changed their position as the understanding of the business need evolves |
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How is "Enterprise Architecture" used as an input to "Stakeholder Analysis"?
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- describes the organizational units that exist, their interactions with other org units, customers, and suppliers - describes their responsibilities within that organization - identifies their roles and relationships within each organizational unit |
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How are 'Organizational Process Assets' used as an input to "Stakeholder Analysis"?
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- Organizational policies and procedures - May include project authorization guidelines |
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What are the elements of "Stakeholder Analysis"?
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- Identification - Complexity of Stakeholder Groups - Attitude and Influence - Authority levels for Business Analysis work |
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What is the output of the "Stakeholder Analysis" task?
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Stakeholder List, Roles, and Responsibilities
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What tasks use the output of "Stakeholder Analysis" (Stakeholder List, Roles, and Responsibilities) as an input?
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- Plan BA Activities - Plan BA Communication - Prepare for Elicitation - Manage Solution Scope and Requirements - Prioritize Requirements |
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Stakeholders must be identified ____ in the project in order to ensure timely delivery of requirements deliverables.
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Early
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True or False. Some individuals may be called on to play a variety of stakeholder roles on the same project.
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True. Individuals may play a variety of roles on the same project, as well as different roles on different projects.
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Late stakeholder identification may result in alterations to the ___ ____ and ___ ___.
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Project roadmap and release content
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The complexity interactions of stakeholder groups may be affected by what factors?
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- Number and variety of direct end users - Number of interfacing business processes and automated systems |
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What factors should be considered when assessing stakeholder attitudes?
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Attitudes towards: - Business goals, objectives, and solution approach - Business analysis - Collaboration - The Sponsor - Team members |
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What factors should be considered when assessing stakeholder influence?
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Influence: - on the project - in the organization - needed for the good of the project - with other stakeholders |
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Understanding the attitude and influence of stakeholders helps to do what?
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Develop strategies for obtaining buy-in and collaboration |
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What authority levels can stakeholders exhibit over BA Work?
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- Approve BA deliverables - Inspect and approve requirements - Request and approve changes - Approve the requirements process that will be used - Review and approve the traceability structure - Veto proposed requirements or solutions (individually or in a group) |
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What are the general techniques used in "Stakeholder Analysis"?
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- Acceptance and Evaluation Criteria Definition - Brainstorming - Interviews - Organizational Modeling - Process Modeling - Requirements Workshops - Risk Analysis - Scenarios and Use Cases - Scope Modeling - Survey/Questionnaire - User Stories |
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What specific techniques are used in "Stakeholder Analysis"?
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- RACI - Stakeholder Map |
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What is a RACI Matrix?
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Describes the roles of those involved in business analysis activities.
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What does RACI stand for?
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- Responsible - Accountable (only one) - Consulted - Informed |
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What is a "Stakeholder Map"?
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A visual diagram that depicts the relationship of stakeholders to the solution and to one another.
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What are two common forms of a "Stakeholder Map"?
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- a matrix mapping the level of stakeholder influence versus interest - an onion diagram, showing how involved the stakeholder is with the solution |
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Stakeholder maps often include ___ of ____ between stakeholders.
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Lines of communication
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Which stakeholders are involved in "Stakeholder Analysis"?
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- Domain SME - Implementation SME - Project Manager - Tester - Regulator - Sponsor |
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What information should be included in the "Stakeholder List, Roles, and Responsibilities" (output of Stakeholder Analysis)?
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- List of required roles - Names and titles of stakeholders - Category of stakeholder - Location of stakeholders - Special needs - Number of individuals in this stakeholder role - Description of stakeholder influence and interest - Documentation of stakeholder authority levels |
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What are the major aspects of the "Plan BA Activities" task?
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- Determine BA work that must be done & deliverables that will be produced - Estimate the effort to perform the activities - Identify management tools needed to monitor progress |
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What are the inputs to the "Plan BA Activities" task?
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- Business Analysis Approach - BA Performance Assessment - Organizational Process Assets - Stakeholder List, Roles, and Responsibilities |
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What is the output of the "Plan BA Activities" task?
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Business Analysis Plan(s)
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Which tasks use the output of "Plan BA Activities" (Business Analysis Plan)?
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- Plan BA Communications - Plan Requirements Management Process - Manage BA Performance |
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Which tasks are managed using the output of "Plan BA Activities" (Business Analysis Plan)?
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- Elicitation - Requirements Management & Communication - Enterprise Analysis - Requirements Analysis - Solution Assessment & Validation |
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How is the "BA Approach" used as an input to "Plan BA Activities"?
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Defines the life cycle, deliverables, templates and tasks that should be included. |
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How is the "BA Performance Assessment" used as an input to "Plan BA Activities"?
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Must use prior experiences to determine the effort involved in performing BA work.
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How are "Organizational Process Assets" used as an input to "Plan BA Activities"?
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These may mandate certain deliverables. Lessons learned may also be used in developing the BA plan.
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How are "Stakeholder List, Roles, and Responsibilities" used as an input to "Plan BA Activities"?
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Identifies stakeholder preferences that need to be met, such as preferred techniques or tools, which may shape the BA Activities to be performed.
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What are the elements of "Plan BA Activities"?
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- Geographic Distribution of Stakeholders - Type of Project or Initiative - Business Analysis Deliverables - Determine Business Analysis Activities |
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When looking at the geographic distribution of stakeholders, what are the two location possibilities?
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- Collocated - Dispersed |
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What are the different types of projects that may be important when Planning BA Activities?
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- Feasibility studies - Process improvement - Organizational change - New software development (in-house) - Outsourced new software development - Software maintenance or enhancement - Software package selection |
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What are some methods for identifying deliverables as a basis for activity identification?
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- Interviews or facilitated sessions with key stakeholders - Review project documentation - Review organizational process assets, such as methodologies/templates |
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What is an important tool in defining the scope of work and in developing estimates?
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WBS (work breakdown structure)
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What is a "Work Package"?
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It includes at least one and usually many activities, which can be further broken down into smaller and smaller tasks.
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What are some considerations for selecting which deliverables to include in a BA Plan?
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- Standard deliverables for the organization - Techniques selected - Business Analysis Approach - Situations |
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What elements, at a minimum, should be included in an activity/task list?
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- Unique number - Activity description |
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What other data might be included in an activity/task list?
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- Assumptions - Dependencies - Milestones |
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What techniques are used to "Plan BA Activities"?
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- Estimation - Functional Decomposition - Risk Analysis |
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How is "Risk Analysis" used as an input to "Plan BA Activities"?
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Identifies risks that might impact the BA Plan. |
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Which stakeholders are involved in "Plan BA Activities"?
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- Customer, Domain SME, End User, and Supplier - Implementation SME - Operational Support - Project Manager - Tester - Sponsor |
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What does "collocated" mean?
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That all team members are physically located at the same location
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What does "dispersed" mean?
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That team members may be geographically widely spread across multiple locations
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What are three ways to create an Activity List?
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- Identify deliverables, assign activities to produce them, break each activity into tasks - Divide project into phases, iterations or releases and specify deliverables for each, then assign activities and tasks - Use a previous similar project and its activities as an outline, then expand on it with tasks to fit the current project |
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What components may be included in a BA Plan?
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- Description of the scope of BA work - Deliverable-based WBS - Activity List - Estimates for each activity and task |
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What is the purpose of a "BA Communication Plan"?
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It describes the proposed structure and schedule for communications regarding BA activities.
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True or False: requirements should be presented in a format that is understandable to the reviewer.
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True. Requirements must be clear, concise, accurate, and at the appropriate level of detail.
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What are the major considerations for a "BA Communication Plan"?
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What, Who, How, When
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What stakeholder needs and constraints should also be considered in a "BA Communication Plan"?
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- Geographic location and timezone of stakeholders - Communication approach/preferences of stakeholders - Types of communication needed - Types of requirements to be elicited - How to best communication requirements conclusions/packages, including sign-off - Time and other resource availability constraints |
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What are the inputs to the "Plan BA Communication" task?
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- Business Analysis Approach - Business Analysis Plan(s) - Organizational Process Assets - Stakeholder List, Roles, and Responsibilities |
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How is the "BA Approach" used as an input to "Plan BA Communications"?
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May include standards/templates to be used for communication, and expectations about when communication should occur |
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How is the "BA Plan" used as an input to "Plan BA Communications"?
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Shows when work will be performed, and what deliverables will be produced, which will need to be communicated.
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How are "Organizational Process Assets" used as an input to "Plan BA Communications"?
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May include communication templates, presentation formats, requirements documentation templates, etc.
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How is the "Stakeholder List, Roles, and Responsibilities" used as an input into "Plan BA Communications"?
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Shows which stakeholders will require information about BA work, when information needs to be provided, and how the stakeholder expects to use the information
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What is the output of the "Plan BA Communication" task?
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BA Communication Plan
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What tasks use the "BA Communication Plan" as an input?
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- Prepare Requirements package - Communicate Requirements |
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What are the elements of the "Plan BA Communications" task?
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- Geography - Culture - Project Type - Communication Frequency - Communication Formality |
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When considering culture in planning BA Communications, what things besides obvious language barriers should be considered? |
Relationship to: - time - task completion - contracts - formal and informal authority |
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What different types of projects may require different types of communication?
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- New, customized, in-house software development - Upgrading current technology or infrastructure - Change in a business process or new data for an existing application - Purchase of a new software package - Short, focused, agile style iterations of software development |
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True or False: the frequency of communication can vary from stakeholder to stakeholder |
True, it's dependent on the stakeholder and the type of communication
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Under which circumstances does communication tend to be more formal? |
- Unusually large projects - Complex domain - New technology - Mission critical - Required by sponsor and/or key stakeholder - Likely to be subject to regulatory review - Will be presented to suppliers in an RFQ/RFI/RFP |
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What specific technique is used in "Plan BA Communications"?
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Structured Walkthrough
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The ___ ___ technique is one of the most common approaches to requirements communication.
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Structured Walkthrough
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Which stakeholders are involved in "Plan BA Communications"?
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- Customer and Supplier - Domain SME - End User - Implementation SME - Operational Support - Project Manager - Tester - Regulator - Sponsor |
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What components may be included in a BA Communication Plan? |
- Stakeholder communication requirements for BA Activities - Format, content, medium, level of detail - Responsibility for collecting, distributing, accessing, and updating info |
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What is the purpose of "Plan Requirements Management Process"? |
Specifies the process for: - Approving Requirements - Managing changes to requirements, including who to consult/inform - Traceability, if needed, including what attributes to record |
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What are the inputs to the "Plan Requirements Management Process" task? |
- Business Analysis Approach - Business Analysis Plan(s) - Organizational Process Assets |
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What is the output of the "Plan Requirements Management Process" task?
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Requirements Management Plan |
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What tasks use the "Requirements Management Plan" as an input?
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- Manage BA Performance - Conduct Elicitation Activity - Manage Solution Scope & Requirements - Manage Requirements Traceability - Prioritize Requirements |
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How is the "Business Analysis Approach" used as an input to "Plan Requirements Management Process"?
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May include a definition of appropriate requirement management processes.
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How is the "Business Analysis Plan" used as an input to "Plan Requirements Management Process"?
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Defines which deliverables are to be produced and when. Deliverables cannot be managed until they are created.
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How are "Organizational Process Assets" used as an input to "Plan Requirements Management Process"?
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Standard templates or processes for requirements management may exist
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What are the elements of the "Plan Requirements Management Process" task?
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- Repository - Traceability - Select Requirements Attributes - Requirements Prioritization Process - Change Management - Tailoring the requirements management process |
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What is a repository?
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A place to store information
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When may requirements be stored in a repository?
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While they are being defined, after approval, while being converted to their final product, or after having been implemented.
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Tracing requirements add considerable ___ to BA work, and must be done correctly and consistently to have value.
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Overhead
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What do requirements attributes provide?
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Information about requirements that aid in ongoing management of the requirements.
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Requirements attributes help the team efficiently and effectively do what?
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- Make tradeoffs between requirements - Identify stakeholders affected by potential changes - Understand the impact of a proposed change |
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What are some common requirements attributes?
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- Absolute Reference - Author - Complexity - Ownership - Priority - Risks - Source - Stability - Status - Urgency |
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What does requirements prioritize focus on when determining which requirements should be investigated first?
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- Risks - Cost - Benefits they'll produce - Other factors |
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What factors influence how requirements will be prioritized?
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- Timelines - Dependencies - Resource Constraints - Other factors |
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What are the components of the requirements management process?
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- Formality - Establishing process and technique - Plan the participation |
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What should be considered when planning for Change Management?
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- Process for requesting changes - Who will authorize changes - Impact Analysis - Wording of the request |
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What components might be included in a change request?
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- Cost and time estimates - Benefits and risks - Recommended course of action - Prioritization of change relative to other interests |
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Which body approves changes in a plan-driven approach?
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Change control board
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Who approves changes in a change-driven approach?
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The team or product owner
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What are the factors to consider when tailoring the requirements management process?
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- Organization Culture - Stakeholder Preferences - Project or Product Complexity - Organizational Maturity - Resource Availability |
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What techniques are used in the "Plan Requirements Management Process" task?
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- Decision Analysis - Problem Tracking - Risk Analysis |
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How is the "Decision Analysis" technique used in the "Plan Requirements Management Process" task?
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To assess the possible value delivered by a change and assess areas of uncertainty.
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How is the "Problem tracking" technique used in the "Plan Requirements Management Process" task?
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To track possible changes and ensure that a decision is reached.
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How is the "Risk "Decision Analysis" technique used in the "Plan Requirements Management Process" task?
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To identify possible risks associated with the change management process and possible risks associated with making or choose not to make a change.
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Which stakeholders are involved in "Plan Requirements Management Process" ?
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- Domain SME - End User - implementation SME - Operational Support - Project Manager - Tester - Sponsor |
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What does a "Requirements Management Plan" include?
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- Traceability Approach - Requirements attributes to be captured - Requirements prioritization process - Requirements change management process (request, analyze, approve, implement) |
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What is the purpose of the task "Manage BA Performance"?
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To manage the performance of business analysis activities to ensure that they are executed as effectively as possible.
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What are the elements of the "Manage BA Performance" task?
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- Performance Measures - Performance Reporting - Preventive and Corrective Action |
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What are the inputs to the "Manage BA Performance" task?
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- Business Analysis Plan(s) - Requirements Management Plan - Organizational Performance Standards - BA Performance Metrics |
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What are the outputs of the "Manage BA Performance" task?
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- BA Performance Assessment - Organizational Process Assets |
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What task uses the "BA Performance Assessment" as an input?
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Plan BA Activities
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What task uses the "BA Process Assets" as an input?
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Organizational Process Assets
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How are "BA Performance Metrics" used as an input to "Manage BA Performance"
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- Actual performance metrics are captured - Are the basis for taking corrective or preventive action - Performance metrics are captured throughout business analysis and are implicitly an output from every BA task |
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How are "Business Analysis Plan(s)" used as an input to "Manage BA Performance"
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They described deliverables, activities, tasks and estimates for all BA work. Conformance to these plans may be the primary metric used to judge performance. |
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How are "Organizational Performance Standards" used as an input to "Manage BA Performance"
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May include mandated performance metrics or expectations for BA work
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How are "Requirements Management Plan" used as an input to "Manage BA Performance"
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May set expectations for the frequency of changes to requirements and the work involved managing that change.
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What types of things may be used as a BA Performance measure?
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- Deliverable due dates - Frequency of changes to requirements - Number of review cycles - Qualitative feedback from BA stakeholders and peers |
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Performance reporting can be both ___ or ___, and ___ or ____.
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Formal or informal, verbal or written
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Preventative or corrective action to correct BA performance issues may result in changes to what document?
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Business Analysis Plan(s) |
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What techniques are used to "Manage BA Performance"?
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- Interviews - Lessons Learned - Metrics and KPIs - Problem Tracking - Process Modeling - Root Cause Analysis - Survey/Questionnaire |
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Which stakeholders are involved in the task "Manage BA Performance"?
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- Domain SME and End User - Implementation SME, Operational Support, Tester - Project Manager - Sponsor |
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The BA Performance Assessment should include what? |
- Comparison of planned versus actual performance - Understanding of the root cause of variances from plan - Any other helpful information to help understand results |
