Audiology Test 2

Front 1

The amount that the skull attenuates the sound introduced to one ear from being heard by the other ear.

Back 1

Interaural Attenutation

Front 2

When a signal is presented to one ear, but the opposite ear hears it.

Back 2

Cross over

Front 3

The amount observed for air conducted stimuli varies with ___________________.

Back 3

frequency

Front 4

Minimum value for AC stimuli is ____dB (supra aural); ____ dB (insert).

Back 4

40, 70

Front 5

For BC, the minimum interaural attenuation is ___ dB.

Back 5

0

Front 6

__________results when one sound causes a second sound to become less audible by co-existing with it.

Back 6

Masking

Front 7

____________ are masked with narrowband noise.

Back 7

Pure tones

Front 8

Noise that consists of fundamental frequency and its harmonics

Back 8

Complex Noise (sawtooth noise)

Front 9

What are the problems with complex noise?

Back 9

1) not spread across frequencies; 2) acoustic energy decreases with increasing freqs

Front 10

Noise that contains acoustic energy at all frequencies in the audible spectrum and approximately equal amplitudes

Back 10

White Noise

Front 11

A filtered broad band noise that differs only in its bandwidth (within the bandwidth energy is continuous and equal in amplitude)

Back 11

Narrow Band Noise

Front 12

A two part statement of masking effect given a specific band of frequencies

Back 12

the critical band concept

Front 13

In masking a pure tone with a broad band noise, the only components of the noise having a masking effect on the tone are those frequencies included in a _____________ with the test tone at its center.

Back 13

restricted band

Front 14

In masking a pure tone with a broad band noise, the only components of the noise having a masking effect on the tone are those frequencies included in a restricted band with the _____________ at its center.

Back 14

test tone

Front 15

When the pure tone is just audible in the presence of the noise, the acoustic energy in the restricted band of freq. is equal to the acoustic energy of ______________.

Back 15

the pure tone

Front 16

If the frequency band of noise used to mask a pure tone is too narrow, the masking _________ is decreased.

Back 16

effect

Front 17

If the frequency band of noise used to mask a pure tone is too wide, the masking ____________ is decreased.

Back 17

efficiency

Front 18

Pure tones are masked with _______ noise

Back 18

narrowband

Front 19

When the test signal may cross over to the non-test ear we must mask. Whenever we think the ____________ ear is hearing we have to mask.

Back 19

non-test

Front 20

For AC – When AC θ of the test ear (TE) exceeds BC θ of the non-test ear (NTE) by ___ dB (supra aural earphones) or ____ dB (insert earphones)

Back 20

40, 70

Front 21

For BC θ, recall interaural attenuation is __ dB. That means that whenever there is an _________, “technically speaking,” masking is necessary.

Back 21

0, air-bone gap

Front 22

Significant air-bone gaps: ____ dB

Back 22

15

Front 23

Masking for _____ conduction is generally reserved for air-bone gaps: 15 dB

Back 23

bone

Front 24

The least intensity needed to obtain the needed threshold shift in the non-test ear

Back 24

Minimum masking level

Front 25

Minimum masking level is just enough noise to shift the air and bone conduction of the non-test ear by ___ dB.

Back 25

5

Front 26

The highest level of noise that can be presented to the NTE via an earphone before the noise crosses the skull and shifts the threshold in the TE ear.

Back 26

Maximum masking level

Front 27

The method used to determine if when a tone is presented and it is thought to be heard in the non-test ear.

Back 27

The Plateau Method

Front 28

During the plateau method, a masking noise is introduced to the non-test ear and the intensity is increased in ___ dB steps until the tone is no longer perceived.

Back 28

5

Front 29

Occurs when the tone has reached threshold of the test ear. Further increases in noise does not shift the threshold of the tone.

Back 29

Plateau

Front 30

Occurs when the masking level is so intense that it crosses to the test ear resulting in continuous increased shifts of threshold and continuous increased shifts in the masking noise.

Back 30

Overmasking

Front 31

Occurs when the tone continues to be heard in the masked ear despite the noise since the tone level is below the threshold of the test ear.

Back 31

Undermasking

Front 32

(Occlusion effects)

In covering (or occluding) normal ears and ears with SN hearing loss, intensity of the sound delivered to inner ear by the bone conduction vibrator is ______________.

Back 32

increased

Front 33

Occlusion effect can be as great as ____ dB.

Back 33

25

Front 34

The occlusion effect only occurs for _______ frequencies

Back 34

low

Front 35

The occlusion effect does not occur above ____________ Hz

Back 35

1000

Front 36

If min masking was 10db & min. occlusion effect was 10 dB, masking amount has to be changed to _____ dB

Back 36

20

Front 37

What are some factors that influence the masking threshold?

Back 37

1. Maintenance and Calibration
2. Test Environment
3. Earphone Placement
4. Bone Vibrator Placement

Front 38

Once a year a masking machine should be ___________; measured to make sure the 0 dB hL line represents the ______ levels that corresponds to it. You either have to add or subtract ____ dB to make sure the output level is correct.

Back 38

calibrated
SPL
10

Front 39

If you’re not in a sound treated room, ____________________ can interfere with a person’s ability to hear a tone. You want to make sure that ___________ (same answer) is significantly low so that you can hear “threshold”

Back 39

background noise

Front 40

__________________ that tells you what the Max background levels of noise that is permissible when measuring thresholds.

Back 40

Antispecifaction

Front 41

If background noise level exceeds this maximum level, should you take thresholds?

Back 41

No

Front 42

Carpet, drapery, acoustic tiles, and walls that absorb sound can help ______________ the noise in the environment in order to measure threshold

Back 42

minimize

Front 43

Don’t try to take screenings below ________ Hz in schools because the noise levels are too high

Back 43

500

Front 44

When you place earphones on ear, the diaphragm (center) of earphone should be covering the _______________________, not the top of the ear.

Back 44

opening to the ear canal

Front 45

What is a collapsed ear canal?

Back 45

Occurs when children & older adults ear canal is very flaccid. When you cover the ear it causes ear canal to close. The collapsed ear canal causes the thresholds to be worse.

Front 46

Which type of headphones should you use to prevent the ear canal from collapsing?

Back 46

insert ear headphones

Front 47

Bone vibratoris normally placed on _________________, unless we cannot (ear may be tender due to surgery etc).

Back 47

mastoid bone

Front 48

How do you determine where the correct place is to place the bone vibrator?

Back 48

Place bone vibrator on part of mastoid that makes it easiest to hear. Place turned on bone vibrator on different parts of the mastoid and ask the patient where do they hear the sound best. Location will be different for different patients.

Front 49

How do you calibrate a bone vibrator?

Back 49

By applying certain amount of force to bone vibrator. The bone vibrator should place same amount of force to head that was applied to bone vibrator. Over time that force becomes weaker so the force should be readjusted.

Front 50

What kind of testing is used for Infants 5 mos. – 2 yrs?

Back 50

Soundfield testing

Front 51

Describe soundfield testing

Back 51

We put infant in sound room usually sitting on parents lap with children facing wall so that speakers are at 45 degree azimuth to them. Present frequencies (filtered narrow band noise with freq specificity) in the form of warble tones to them through a loud speaker (warble tones-frequency marbulated tones and NBN – see text for setup) and behavioral responses are observed.

Front 52

What kind of sound is presented to children during soundfield testing?

Back 52

filtered narrow band noise with freq specificity

Front 53

What are frequency marbulated tones called?

Back 53

Warbled tones

Front 54

Describe Behavioral observation audiology.

Back 54

Audiologist rings bell, uses noise maker. Baby may widen their eyes, suck on pacifier, wake up. Whatever change in observation shows that they have observed the sound.

Front 55

Why is behavioral observation audiology not as reliable?

Back 55

Because noises presented are not frequency specific. You don’t know frequency level or level of signal presented.

Front 56

What is visual reinforcement audiometry?

Back 56

Visual reinforcement audiometry occurs in the same environment as sound field testing except for after the sound is presented there is some visual reinforcement. Visual stimulus (dog barking, toy lights up in a box) after each noise is sounded.

Front 57

What are some limitations to sound field testing?

Back 57

Cannot obtain:
1. thresholds for each ear separately
2. bone conduction thresholds
3. responses from children with severe to profound hearing loss, due to limitations of equipment.

Front 58

The procedure which records electrical potentials from remote locations using surface electrodes placed on the head

Back 58

Auditory Brainstem Response

Front 59

What are some acronyms for Auditory Brainstem Responses?

Back 59

ABR, BAER, BAEP, BSER

Front 60

Describe an auditory brainstem response procedure

Back 60

1. Stimulus is presented to the ear
2. For the first 10 ms the ABR machine looks at the response

Front 61

In an ABR where are electrodes placed?

Back 61

4 electrodes are placed in higher (2) and lower(2) parts of forehead as well as in earlobes/mastoid bone.

Front 62

What kind of stimulus is usually presented to the ear during an ABR?

Back 62

tone burst or clicking sound/some transient stimulus with a fast onset and offset

Front 63

The waveform produced during an ABR consists of a series of how many waves in first 10 ms following stimulus onset?

Back 63

5-7

Front 64

When measuring ABR we decrease stimulus level in ______ dB steps until response disappears and increase in ___ dB steps until it reappears

Back 64

10-20, 5

Front 65

T or F: During ABR testing the stimulus rate varies.

Back 65

true

Front 66

What are some examples of high intensity levels?

(ABR)

Back 66

waveform morphology & latency

Front 67

What is an example of lower intensity levels?

Back 67

track wave V

Front 68

What are some methods of evaluating older children?

Back 68

1. Play audiometric techniques
2. Tangible reinforcement operant conditioning (TROCA)
3. Visual reinforcement operant conditioning

Front 69

Describe play audiometric techniques.

Back 69

Have children do some kind of task (conditioned response). Ex: Hold block up to ear, when you hear this tone put the block in the box. Then we check hearing just as with an adult. Instead of having child raise hand, they have a task.

Front 70

Describe Tangible reinforcement operant conditioning (TROCA)

Back 70

reinforce hearing with tangible object such as stickers, food, trinkets etc.

Front 71

Describe visual reinforcement operant conditioning

Back 71

If child doesn’t do task right, the visual reinforcement is taken away

Front 72

Responses that suggest that hearing sensitivity is poorer than it actually is. People hear the stimulus but don’t respond. May have hearing loss, but they exaggerate hearing loss.

Back 72

False negative responses

Front 73

These responses are seen in people who deliberately exaggerate or feign hearing loss. Example people trying to get compensation from work.

Back 73

False negative responses

Front 74

When a response is given even if no stimulus is presented.

Back 74

False positive responses

Front 75

What are some causes of false positive responses?

Back 75

1. Sometimes a patient may be highly motivated to respond.
2.Tinnitus sometimes invites false positive responses.

Front 76

What is the formula for masking?

Back 76

LPC=OAL-10logBW