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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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AAA |
American Academy of Audiologists |
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CI |
Cochlear implant |
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Percent of the world’s population with a debilitating hearing loss |
5 |
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μPa |
micropascals (unit for pressure) newton/m^2 |
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Why do small instruments play high notes and big instruments play low notes? |
The size and shape of a cavity or tube make certain frequencies resonate better within it. Small spaces resonate higher frequencies better, and large spaces resonate lower frequencies better. |
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Conductive Hearing Loss |
A disruption in the mechanical transmission of sounds from the external auditory canal to the inner ear (also called peripheral hearing loss) |
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Sensorineural Hearing Loss |
A deficit in the neural transmission of sound impulses through the cochlear hair cells or the auditory nerve |
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3 divisions of the human ear? |
Outer, middle, inner |
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The ____ connects the inner ear to the brainstem, which transfers information up to the brain. |
VIII cranial nerve |
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The ___ is the boundary between the outer ear and the middle ear. |
tympanic membrane |
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How does sound go from the outer ear to the middle ear? |
Sound is funneled into the EAM by the pinna. Sound reaching the tympanic membrane causes it to vibrate. The vibration of the TM this transfers the sound energy to the middle ear. |
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What does the middle ear contain? |
The ossicles (the tiniest bones in the body) and the middle ear space. |
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Name the three ossicles. |
Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) |
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Why are the ossicles often referred to as a “bony bridge”? |
The malleus is connected to the TM (at the umbo) and the footplate of the stapes communicates directly with the cochlea of the inner ear. So the sound vibrates through the three bones to get to the inner ear. |
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What is located in the inner ear? |
The cochlea - for hearing The otolithic organs (utricle and saccule) in the vestibule - for balance The three semicircular canals - for balance |
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Describe the cochlea. |
It’s a fluid-filled structure, shaped somewhat like a coiled-up tube. Inside it is the organ of Corti, where rows of stereocilia (or hair cells) are located. There are 3 rows of outer hair cells, and there’s 1 row of inner hair cells. |
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How does sound get from the inner ear to the brain? |
After sound vibration is transmitted from the footplate of the stapes (middle ear) to the cochlea, stimulation of the cochlear hair cells leads to activation of the VIII cranial nerve. This nerve transmits auditory information from the cochlea, through the brainstem, to the cerebral cortex of the brain. |
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What is decussation? |
The splitting or crossing over if auditory nerve fibers in the brainstem. This is what causes both sides of the brain to receive input from each ear. |
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The ____ are highly involved in the processing of auditory input. |
temporal lobes of the brain |
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The primary auditory reception area in the superior temporal gyrus is often referred to as ___. |
Heschl’s gyrus |
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What unit is used to measure the intensity of an audiometer’s output? |
dB HL (hearing level decibels) |
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Hearing tests are typically performed with ____. |
An audiometer |
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What methods are used to deliver sounds during hearing tests? |
-headphones -insert phones -loudspeakers |
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What is an audiometric threshold? |
The softest sound the patient can hear a little more than half the time |
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Audiogram |
The graph on which threshold results are plotted |
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In this class, how do we calculate PTA? |
Arithmetic mean for the thresholds for 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz. |
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Threshold that’s considered normal hearing for adults |
At or below 25 dB HL |
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Threshold that’s considered normal hearing for children |
15 dB HL |
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Unilateral vs. Asymmetric Hearing Loss |
Unilateral = normal hearing on one side & HL on the other Asymmetric = HL on both sides, but to different degrees |
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PTA |
Puretone Average (standard calculation is the average of 500 Hz, 1K Hz, and 2K Hz thresholds) |
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SRT |
Speech Recognition Threshold (expected to be within 10 dB of the PTA) |
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NIHL |
Noise-induced Hearing Loss |
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ABR |
auditory brainstem response |
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OAE |
Otoacoustic Emission [Testing] |
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Ways to describe tinnitus |
-high-pitched -low-pitched -sounds like voices -sounds like whispers -beeping -pulsing |
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Describe the mechanism of tinnitus. |
The cochlear hair cells are permanently bent, so they’re telling your brain that you’re receiving auditory input even if it isn’t actually there. |
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Unit for frequency |
Hertz (Hz) |
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Unit for pitch |
Mel |
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Unit for sound intensity |
Decibel (dB) |
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Unit for loudness |
phon |
