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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 requirements for a micro-organism to be considered a pathogen |
Gain entry to a host Colonise the host tissue Resist the hosts defences Cause damage to host tissues |
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What is infection |
The colonization of host tissues |
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What is disease |
Where an infection leads to recognisable symptoms |
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What is the name of passing one pathogen from person to person |
Transmission |
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What is a correlation |
Something that occurs when a change in one or two of the variables is reflected by a change is the other variable |
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What is risk |
A measure of the probability that damage to health will occur as a result of a given hazard |
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What specificity doe health risks require |
A time-scale i.e not "you will die" but "you will die next month" |
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Risk is often... |
Relative |
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What two factors increase the risk of cancer |
Environmental and Carcinogenic |
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Name 5 lifestyle factors that could lead to the development of cancer |
Smoking Sunlight Diet Obesity Exercise |
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What are lifestyle factors |
Factors we can control |
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Three ways that exercise reduced the risk of CHD |
Reduces blood pressure Reduced cholesterol Reduced risk of obesity |
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How does aerobic exercise benefit health |
Lowers blood pressure and cholesterol |
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Where are enzymes produced in the stomach and small intestine |
Glands in the stomach/ intestine wall |
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Where does the water that is re-absorbed in the large intestine come from |
Secretions of digestive glands |
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Name three components of pancreatic juices |
Proteases, Lipase and Amylase |
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What is hydrolisis |
The splitting up of molecules by adding water to the chemical bonds that hold them together |
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What is assimilation |
Incorporating absorbed molecules into body tissue |
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What is the generic term for digestive enzymes |
Hydrolayses |
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Why are many molecules carbon based |
Carbon readily forms bonds with other atoms |
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Name two biological molecule polymers |
Carbohydrates and Proteins |
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What four elements are most polymers based on |
Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen Hydrogen |
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What is another name for sugar |
Saccheride |
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What is the general formula of sugars |
(CH2O)n |
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What is reduction |
A chemical reaction involving the gain of electrons |
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On an atomic level what occurs to reducing sugars during reduction |
Whey donate electrons to another chemical i.e benedicts reagent |
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Describe the process of testing for reducing sugars |
Add an alkaline solution of copper sulphate to the test sample then heat |
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What is produced to show the presence of reducing sugars |
A red precipitate of copper oxide |
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Why is the benedicts test semi-quantative |
It has different colours depending on the concentration of sugar present so can be used to estimate the concentration |
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How do the colours range in a benedicts test |
From clear -green-yellow-brown-red |
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How could concentrations of sugar be estimated |
Dry the precipitate in the sample and weigh it |
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Describe the benedicts test for non-reducing sugars |
Ground up with water (solid samples) then add dilute hydrochloric acid and place in a gently boiling water bath |
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How is a sample of non-reducing sugar neutralized |
Addition of sodium hydrogen carbonate |
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How does amylase react with starch |
It hydrolyses alternate bonds to form maltose |
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Apart from amylase what does saliva contain |
mineral salts that act as a buffer to keep the PH at neutral |
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How do the pancreas and intestinal wall control the PH for enzymes |
Secretions of alkaline mineral salts |
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Why has the problem of lactose intolerance increased |
Transport and storage means the population consumes more milk than in earlier years |
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What two products form when micro-organisms break down undigested lactose |
Small soluble molecules and gasses |
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Why may diarrhoea occur from lactose intolerance |
Micro organisms produce soluble molecules that lower the water potential of the lumen |
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What do two amino acids form through a condensation reaction |
A dipeptide |
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How is water produced from the condensation of amino acids |
OH from the carboxyl group H from the amino group |
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What is the name of the process of forming polypeptides trough condensation reactions |
Polymerisation |
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Which structure of a protein determines its properties |
Its primary structure as it determines the shape of a polypeptide |
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Give an example of a fibrous protein |
Collagen
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Why are mammalian lungs located inside the body |
Air is not dense enough to support the lungs They would otherwise dry up and lose water |
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Describe the structure of the tracheal walls |
Muscle lined with ciliated epithelium and gob;let cells that produce mucus |
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How is air flow in the alveoli regulated |
By the muscle on the walls of the bronchioles |
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Describe the intercostal muscle movements during inspiration and expiration |
Internal intercostal contracts during expiration External intercostal contracts during inspiration |
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Breathing is a largely.................process |
Passive |
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How is most air forced out of the lungs |
Elastic recoil of the lung tissue |
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When do muscles play a part in expiration |
During strenuous conditions such as excersise |
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What is pulmonary ventilation |
The total air volume moved in the lungs in one minute |
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What is tidal volume |
Volume of air taken in each breath |
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How is pulmonary ventilation calculated |
PV = Tidal volume x ventilation rate |
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What are the 5 features of an exchange surface |
Large SA:V ratio External medium moves Internal Medium moves Short diffusion pathway Partially permeable |
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What is diffusion proportional to |
Surface area x concentration difference/length of diffusion pathway |
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Why are exchange surfaces easily damages |
They are thin |
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Why is diffusion of gas in the lungs fast |
Red blood cells are slowed RBC pressed against the wall Capillary walls are thin Large SA |
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What are 3 symptoms of TB |
Cough Tiredness Loss of appeite |
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What increases the risk of TB |
Those who live in close contact Work in long term care facilities TB common countries Reduced immunity |
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Describe the primary TB infection |
Bacteria colonise the upper regions of the lungs and white blood cells accumulate at the area. This leads to inflammation of the lymph nodes. |
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Describe the post-primary TB infection |
The bacteria destroy the lung tissue and this results in cavities and scar tissue where the lungs repair themselves |
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What are the four symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis |
Shortness of breath Chronic dry cough Pain in the chest Weakness |
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How does pulmonary fibrosis damage the lungs 3 ways |
Thickens the alveoli epithelium which increases the diffusion pathway and decreases the volume of air capacity in the lungs. Reduces elasticity |
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How does emphysema affect the lung tissue |
The elastin becomes permanently stretched and so the lungs can not force out all the air. The SA is reduced as the alveoli sometimes burst. Flow rate decreases. This inhibits gas exchange
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