Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is recombinant DNA
|
when genes are inserted into a microorganism
|
|
|
How is a protein made using DNA tech
|
isolation, insertion, transformation, identification, growth
|
|
|
what is reverse transcriptase
|
makes DNA from RNA, the DNA is known as complimentary DNA
|
|
|
what is restriction endonuclease
|
splits DNA into recognition sequences which either have sticky or blunt ends
|
|
|
what does In Vivo mean
|
using living organism
|
|
|
what does in vitro mean
|
in a test tube
|
|
|
What is a vector
|
a carrier. A plasmid which carries DNA into a cell or an organism that carries it to a parasite host
|
|
|
What is DNA ligase
|
an enzyme that joins together the sugar phosphate backbone of two sections of DNA
|
|
|
What is transformation
|
When the plasmids containing the recombinant DNA are introduced into the bacteria
|
|
|
what element is in used in transformation process and why
|
calcium because it makes the bacteria more permeable allowing the plasmid to pass through
|
|
|
Name three types of gene markers
|
enzyme, fluorescent, antibiotic resistant
|
|
|
What is PCR
|
polymerase chain reaction - a method of cloning DNA
|
|
|
What is DNA polymerase
|
an enzyme that joins together nucleotides
|
|
|
what are primers
|
short sequences of DNA that have a set of bases complimentary to those at one end of each of the DNA fragments
|
|
|
what is a thermocycler
|
a computer controlled machine that varies temperature
|
|
|
what are the stages of PCR
|
separation of DNA strand, addition of primers, synthesis of DNa
|
|
|
describe the separation of DNA strands
|
The DNA fragments, primers, and DNA polymerase are placed in the thermocycler at 95 degrees causing the strands to separate
|
|
|
describe the addition of primers
|
the mixture is cooled to 55 degrees causing the primers to provide the starting sequence for DNA polymerase to begin copying
|
|
|
describe the synthesis of DNA
|
temperature is increased to 72degrees, because it is the optimum temp for polymerase to work
|
|
|
name three examples of how gene modification can benefit humans
|
increasing yield, improving nutrient content, resistance
|
|
|
how does cystic fibrosis affect a person
|
mucus congestion in lungs, leading to higher risk of infections, breathing difficulties, mucus in pancreatic ducts
|
|
|
name four types of treatments for cystic fibrosis
|
gene replacement, gene supplementation. germ line therapy, somatic cell gene therapy
|
|
|
Name the types of somatic cell gene therapy
|
using a harmless virus, wrapping the gene in lipid molecules
|
|
|
What are DNA probes used for and how do they work
|
used for locating and sequencing genes, radioactively labelled probes made up of nucleotides are identified by being exposed on a photographic plate
|
|
|
What is the sangar method?
|
uses modified nucleotides that cannot attach to the next base in the sequence so act as terminators
|
|
|
what is gel electrophoresis
|
DNA fragments are placed on gel and voltage is applied. larger fragments move more slowly
|
|
|
what is restriction mapping
|
involves cutting DNA with a series of different restriction endonucleases which are then separated using gel electrophoresis
|
|
|
What are the stages of genetic fingerprinting
|
extraction, digestion, separation, southern blotting, hybridisation, development.
|
|
|
explain extraction
|
separating the DNA from the rest of the cell and then increasing the quantity using PCR
|
|
|
Explain digestion
|
DNA is cut into fragments using endonuclease restrictase
|
|
|
separation
|
separated according to size using gel electrophoresis
|
|
|
hybridisation
|
radioactive or fluorescent DNA probes are now used to bind with the core sequences.
|
|
|
development
|
an x ray film is put over the nylon membrane, its exposed by radiation. a pattern of band is produced which is unique
|
