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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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explain the second messenger model
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hormone in the first messenger and binds to specific receptors that then activates an enzyme which produces the second messenger chemical. this then causes the response
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example of second messenger model
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adrenaline binds to the receptor site which activates the enzyme, which converts ATP to cyclic AMP which acts as the second messenger that in turn activates other enzymes to convert glycogen to glucose
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what do alpha cells in the pancreas produce
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glucagon
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what do beta cells in the pancreas produce
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insulin
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where are alpha and beta cells found
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islets of langerhans
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how does low blood glucose levels lead to dehydration
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because it lowers the water potential and creates osmotic problems
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what is the normal level of glucose in the blood
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90mg per 100cm^3
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three places where glucose comes from?
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diet, glycogenolysis, from gluconeogenesis
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explain glycogenolysis
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the breakdown of glycogen
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explain glycogenesis
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production of glycogen from excess glucose
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explain gluconeogenesis
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the production of new glucose from glycerol and amino acids.
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what happens when blood glucose levels rise
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detected by beta cells of the pancreas which release insulin
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what happens when insulin binds with receptors (3)
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tertiary structure of the glucose transport protein changes allowing more glucose into the cells, the number of carrier molecules in the cell surface membrane increases, enzymes are activated that convert glucose to glycogen and fat.
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how are blood glucose levels lowered (4)
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increasing the rate of absorption of glucose, increasing the respiratory rate of cells, increasing rate of conversion of glucose to glycogen, increasing rate of conversion of glucose to fat
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what happens when blood glucose levels fall
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alpha cells in the pancreas detect the fall and secrete glucagon
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what cells respond to glucagon
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liver
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how do liver cells respond to release of glucagon (2)
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activating an enzyme that converts glycogen to glucose, increasing conversion of amino acids and glycerol into glucose
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where is adrenaline released from
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adrenal glands above the kidneys
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how does adrenaline affect blood glucose levels
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rise it by: activating and enzyme that causes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, and inactivating the enzyme that causes the conversion of glucose to glycogen,
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what is type I diabetes
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insulin dependent, body can't produce insulin
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how is type I diabetes treated
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injections of insulin,
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what is type II diabetes
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glycoprotein receptors lose their responsiveness to insulin. or an inadequate supply of insulin
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treatment of type II
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regulating intake of carbs, injecting insulin, stimulating production of insulating
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