Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Empiricism |
The belief that all knowledge is derived from direct sensory experience |
Origins of Psychology |
|
|
Introspection |
The process of gaining knowledge about their own mental and emotional states as a result of examination or observation of their conscious thoughts and feelings |
Origins of Psychology |
|
|
Behaviourist |
People who believe that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning |
The behaviourist approach |
|
|
Classical conditioning |
When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so it can eventually produce a conditioned response |
The behaviourist approach |
|
|
Operant Conditioning |
Learning through reinforcement or punishment, when behaviour is followed by a desirable response then it is likely to occur again |
The behaviourist approach |
|
|
Punishment |
The application of an unpleasant consequence following a behaviour so it is less likely to occur in the future |
The behaviourist approach |
|
|
Reinforcement |
Anything that strengthens a response so it is likely to occur in the future |
The behaviourist approach |
|
|
Identification |
An individual adopts an attitude because they want to be associated with a particular person or group |
Social learning theory |
|
|
Imitation |
The action of using someone or something as a model and copying their behaviour |
Social learning theory |
|
|
Meditational processes |
The internal mental processes that exist between environmental stimuli and an individual to that stimuli |
Social learning theory |
|
|
Modelling |
A form of learning where individuals learn from observing another individual performing that behaviour |
Social learning theory |
|
|
Social learning theory |
Learning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded |
|
|
|
Vicarious reinforcement |
Learning that isn't a result of direct reinforcement of behaviour but through observing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour |
Social learning theory |
|
|
Cognitive |
Mental processes such as perception, memory and reasoning |
The cognitive approach |
|
|
Cognitive neuroscience |
An area of psychology dedicated to the underlying neural bases of cognitive functions |
The cognitive approach |
|
|
Computer model |
The processes of using computer analogies as a representation of human cognition |
The cognitive approach |
|
|
Inference |
Reaching a logical conclusion on the basis of evidence and reasoning |
The cognitive approach |
|
|
Schema |
A cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information in the brain which helps make sense of new information |
The cognitive approach |
|
|
Theoretical models |
Models are simplified and pictorial representations of mental processes based on current evidence |
The cognitive approach |
|
|
Biological approach |
Views humans as organisms so provides biological explanations of psychological functioning |
The biological approach |
|
|
Evolution |
The change over successive generations of genetic make up of a population caused by natural selection |
The biological approach |
|
|
Gene |
A part of a chromosome that carries genetic information to form dna |
The biological approach |
|
|
Genotype |
The genetic makeup of a person - inherited through genes |
The biological approach |
|
|
Natural selection |
Inherited characteristics enhance reproductive success |
The biological approach |
|
|
Neuro chemistry |
Chemical and neural processes associated with the nervous system |
The biological approach |
|
|
Phenotype |
The observable characteristics of an individual - environmental |
The biological approach |
|
|
Id |
Operates solely in the unconscious. It contains libido which is the energy created by reproductive instincts - immediate gratification |
The psychodynamic approach |
|
|
Ego |
The demands of the id and the external world - must compromise between the impulsive demands of the id and the moralistic demands of the superego |
The psychodynamic approach |
|
|
Superego |
Divided into the conscious and the ego ideal. It determines behaviour and causes feelings of guilt when ruled are broken - deferred gratification |
The psychodynamic approach |
|
|
Defence mechanisms |
Unconscious strategies that protect our conscious minds from anxiety - distortion of reality |
The psychodynamic approach |
|
|
Psychoanalysis |
The personality theory and therapy associated with Sigmund Freud |
The psychodynamic approach |
|
|
Psychodynamic |
And theory that emphasises change and development in the individual, particularly those where drive is a central concept |
The psychodynamic approach |
|
|
Unconscious |
The part of the human mind that contains repressed ideas and memories as well as primitive desires and impulses that have never been allowed to enter the conscious mind |
The psychodynamic approach |
|
|
Conditions of worth |
Conditions imposed on an individual's behaviour and development that are considered necessary to earn positive regard from significant others |
The humanistic approach |
|
|
Congruence |
If there is similarity between a person's ideal self and self image , congruence exists |
The humanistic approach |
|
|
Free will |
The ability to act at one's own discretion |
The humanistic approach |
|
|
Hierarchy of needs |
The theory proposed by Maslow which have the most basic needs at the bottom and higher needs at the top |
The humanistic approach |
|
|
Humanistic |
The belief that human beings are born with the desire to grow, create and to love with direct power over their own lives |
The humanistic approach |
|
|
Self |
Personal identity |
The humanistic approach |
|
|
Self actualisation |
The drive to realise one's true potential |
The humanistic approach |
|
|
Determinism |
Behaviour is determined by external and internal factors acting upon the individual |
Comparisons |
