Apologia Advanced Biology Module 6 Lecture 1

Front 1

Origin

Back 1

The point at which a muscle's tendon attaches to the more stationary bone

Front 2

Insertion

Back 2

The point at which a muscle's tendon attaches to the moveable bone

Front 3

Belly

Back 3

The largest part of the muscle, which actually contains the muscle cells

Front 4

fulcrum

Back 4

a fixed point

Front 5

A lever

Back 5

consists of a rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum.

Front 6

effort

Back 6

an applied force

Front 7

Synergistic

Back 7

muscles working in groups for a common action

Front 8

Antagonistic

Back 8

muscles that work in opposite pairs

Front 9

prime mover

Back 9

When one muscle is more important than the others in creating that motion.

Front 10

The function of a lever is to change

Back 10

1. the direction of an applied force
2. the distance and speed of movement produced by an applied force
3. the effective strength of an applied force

Front 11

What are the 3 classes of levers?

Back 11

1st class
2nd class
3rd class

Front 12

Describe a 1st class lever.

Back 12

1.seesaw
2.the fulcrum is in the center, between the applied force and the resistance

Front 13

Describe a 2nd class lever.

Back 13

1.wheelbarrow
2.the resistance is in the center, between the applied force and the fulcrum
3.a small force can move a large weight

Front 14

Describe a 3rd class lever.

Back 14

1. the most common levers in the body
2. the applied force is in the center, between the resistance and the fulcrum
3. requires a greater force to move a smaller resistance, but maximizes speed and distance traveled

Front 15

What are the 7 items that determine muscle names?

Back 15

1. size
2. shape
3. location
4. direction of muscle fiber
5. attachments
6. # of attachments
7. action produced

Front 16

What does bi, tri and quad mean?

Back 16

2, 3 and 4

Front 17

longus

Back 17

(long)

Front 18

longissimus

Back 18

(longest)

Front 19

teres

Back 19

(long and round)

Front 20

brevis

Back 20

(short)

Front 21

magnus

Back 21

(large)

Front 22

major

Back 22

(larger)

Front 23

maximus

Back 23

(largest)

Front 24

minor

Back 24

(small)

Front 25

minimus

Back 25

(smallest)

Front 26

supra

Back 26

above or over

Front 27

infra

Back 27

below or beneath

Front 28

sub

Back 28

below or under

Front 29

lateralis

Back 29

the side

Front 30

medialis

Back 30

the middle

Front 31

inter

Back 31

between or among

Front 32

external

Back 32

outer

Front 33

internal

Back 33

inner

Front 34

superior

Back 34

above or over

Front 35

inferior

Back 35

underneath

Front 36

dorsi

Back 36

the back

Front 37

anterior

Back 37

in front of

Front 38

flexion

Back 38

decreases the angle at a joint

Front 39

extension

Back 39

increases the angle at a joint

Front 40

adduction

Back 40

pulls the limb toward the midline

Front 41

abduction

Back 41

pulls the limb away from the midline

Front 42

pronation

Back 42

turning the palm downward

Front 43

supination

Back 43

turning the palm upward

Front 44

Axial muscles

Back 44

position the head and spinal column, and move the rib cage

Front 45

Appendicular muscles

Back 45

support the pectoral and pelvic girdles, and the limbs.

Front 46

sternocleidomastoid

Back 46

rotate and flex the head

Front 47

occipitofrontalis

Back 47

elevate the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead

Front 48

orbicularis oculi

Back 48

circles the orbit and is used to close the eye, as in winking

Front 49

orbicularis oris

Back 49

surrounds the lips and is used to purse them

Front 50

buccinator

Back 50

or cheek muscle, makes rapid changes in the volume of the oral cavity.

Front 51

zygomaticus major

Back 51

elevates and draws the corner of the mouth laterally

Front 52

zygomaticus minor

Back 52

elevates the upper lip

Front 53

platysma

Back 53

pulls the corners of the mouth down into a frown

Front 54

Mastication

Back 54

The process of chewing

Front 55

temporalis

Back 55

muscle elevates the mandible

Front 56

masseter

Back 56

elevates the mandible, and it can be used to protract the mandible (which means to push the lower jaw forward).

Front 57

lateral pterygoid

Back 57

depresses (lowers) the mandible. Thus, it is used to open the mouth.

Front 58

medial pterygoid

Back 58

elevates the mandible (along with the masseter and temporalis) in order to close the mouth.

Front 59

Pectoralis major

Back 59

flexes arm medially (pull arms forward and together)

Front 60

Sternocleidomastoid

Back 60

flexion of head toward chest (both contracted)
rotation/abduction of head (as antagonists)

Front 61

Deltoid

Back 61

abduction of humerus

Front 62

Pectoralis minor

Back 62

scapula fixator

Front 63

Trapezius

Back 63

elevates pectoral girdle
(“shoulder shrug”)

Front 64

Rectus abdominis

Back 64

tenses abdominal wall
flexes the vertebral column

Front 65

External Oblique

Back 65

flexes the vertebral column but can also rotate it

Front 66

Internal Oblique

Back 66

flexes the vertebral column but can also rotate it

Front 67

Transversus abdominis

Back 67

tenses abdominal walldoes not act on the vertebral column

Front 68

Latissimus dorsi

Back 68

adduction of humerus

Front 69

Deltoid

Back 69

abduction of humerus

Front 70

Supraspinatus

Back 70

Rotates the arm in the shoulder joint
(rotator cuff muscle)

Front 71

Infraspinatus

Back 71

Rotates the arm in the shoulder joint
(rotator cuff muscle)

Front 72

Teres minor/major

Back 72

Rotates the arm in the shoulder joint
(rotator cuff muscle)

Front 73

Subscapularis

Back 73

Rotates the arm in the shoulder joint
(rotator cuff muscle)

Front 74

Levator scapulae

Back 74

scapula elevation and downward rotation

Front 75

Rhomboids minor/major

Back 75

The Rhomboids holds the scapula against the thoracic wall

Front 76

Biceps Brachii

Back 76

flexion of arm at elbow

Front 77

Triceps brachii

Back 77

extension of arm at elbow

Front 78

Brachialis

Back 78

flexion of arm at elbow (synergist)

Front 79

Brachioradialis

Back 79

flexion of arm at elbow (synergist)

Front 80

Flexor carpi Radialis

Back 80

flexion of wrist

Front 81

Flexor carpi Ulnaris

Back 81

flexion of wrist

Front 82

Palmaris longus

Back 82

flexion of wrist

Front 83

Pronator teres

Back 83

aid the biceps brachii in flexing the forearm, pronation of the forearm at the elbow

Front 84

Pronator quadratus

Back 84

acts to pronate (turn so the palm faces downwards) the hand

Front 85

Supinator

Back 85

supinates the forearm

Front 86

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Back 86

flexes both the wrist and the four fingers (not the thumb) to which it inserts

Front 87

extensor carpi radialis longus

Back 87

extend and abduct the wrist

Front 88

extensor carpi radialis brevis

Back 88

extend and abduct the wrist

Front 89

extensor carpi ulnaris

Back 89

extends the wrist adducts the wrist

Front 90

extensor retinaculum

Back 90

holds the tendons down as the muscles work

Front 91

Extensor digitorum

Back 91

extension of wrist/fingers

Front 92

Extrinsic hand muscles

Back 92

Muscles in the forearm which create motion in the hands

Front 93

Intrinsic hand muscles

Back 93

Muscles within the hand which create motion in the hand