Apologia Advanced Biology Module 8 Lecture 1

Front 1

hypoxia

Back 1

Cerebral hypoxia refers to a condition in which there is a decrease of oxygen supply to the brain even though there is adequate blood flow.

Front 2

hypoglycemia

Back 2

low blood glucose or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels.

Front 3

stroke

Back 3

A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain.

Front 4

ischemic stroke

Back 4

a blood clot cuts off the blood supply to the brain

Front 5

hemorrhagic stroke

Back 5

a blood vessel in the brain bursts.

Front 6

If your blood glucose level drops, the other cells in your body can do something that will help your brain cells. What can these cells do to help the neurons in your brain?

Back 6

They can use other sources of nutrition so as to save the glucose for your neurons.

Front 7

cerebrum

Back 7

The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.

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Gray matter

Back 8

Collections of nerve cell bodies and their associated neuroglia

Front 9

White matter

Back 9

Bundles of parallel axons and their sheaths

Front 10

midsagittal section

Back 10

splits the brain into equal left and right halves

Front 11

brainstem

Back 11

Underneath the limbic system is the brain stem. This structure is responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. Scientists say that this is the "simplest" part of human brains because animals' entire brains, such as reptiles (who appear early on the evolutionary scale) resemble our brain stem.

Front 12

What does this lobe do?

Frontal Lobe-

Back 12

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Front 13

What does this lobe do?

Parietal Lobe-

Back 13

associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli

Front 14

What does this lobe do?

Occipital Lobe-

Back 14

associated with visual processing

Front 15

What does this lobe do?

Temporal Lobe-

Back 15

associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

Front 16

The brainstem can be separated into what three sections?

Back 16

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

Front 17

Medulla Oblongata

Location and Function?

Back 17

- this structure is the caudal-most part of the brain stem, between the pons and spinal cord. It is responsible for maintaining vital body functions, such as breathing and heartrate

Front 18

Pons-

Location and Function?

Back 18

part of the metencephalon in the hindbrain. It is involved in motor control and sensory analysis... for example, information from the ear first enters the brain in the pons. It has parts that are important for the level of consciousness and for sleep. Some structures within the pons are linked to the cerebellum, thus are involved in movement and posture.

Front 19

Midbrain/ Mesencephalon-

Location and Function?

Back 19

the rostral part of the brain stem, which includes the tectum and tegmentum. It is involved in functions such as vision, hearing, eyemovement, and body movement. The anterior part has the cerebral peduncle, which is a huge bundle of axons traveling from the cerebral cortex through the brain stem and these fibers (along with other structures) are important for voluntary motor function.

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Decussation –

Back 20

A crossing over

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nuclei

Back 21

discrete clumps of gray matter that act as control centers for the body's vital functions.

Front 22

Vital functions –

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Those functions of the body necessary for life on a short-term basis

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vasomotor area

Back 23

which controls the dilation or constriction of blood vessels throughout the body. This is an important blood pressure control mechanism.

Front 24

reticular formation

Back 24

These nuclei receive information from various afferent nerves, especially those of the face.

Front 25

reticular activation system

Back 25

reticular formation nuclei and their interconnections plays a major role in determining the cycle of sleeping and waking.

Front 26

diencephalon has what 2 structures?

Back 26

thalamus
hypothalamus

Front 27

diencephalon

Location?

Back 27

The diencephalon is located between the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain.

Front 28

diencephalon

Function?

Back 28

Chewing
Directs Sense Impulses Throughout the Body
Equilibrium
Eye Movement, Vision
Facial Sensation
Hearing
Phonation
Respiration
Salivation, Swallowing
Smell, Taste

Front 29

Thalamus

Location?

Back 29

The thalamus is a large, dual lobed mass of grey matter cells located at the top of the brainstem, superior to the hypothalamus.

Front 30

intermediate mass

Back 30

a small cylinder which links the two sides of the thalamus

Front 31

Thalamus

Function?

Back 31

Motor Control
Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals
Relays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex

Front 32

diencephalon

Location?

Back 32

The diencephalon is located between the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain.

Front 33

diencephalon

Function?

Back 33

Chewing
Directs Sense Impulses Throughout the Body
Equilibrium
Eye Movement, Vision
Facial Sensation
Hearing
Phonation
Respiration
Salivation, Swallowing
Smell, Taste

Front 34

Thalamus

Location?

Back 34

The thalamus is a large, dual lobed mass of grey matter cells located at the top of the brainstem, superior to the hypothalamus.

Front 35

intermediate mass

Back 35

a small cylinder which links the two sides of the thalamus

Front 36

Thalamus

Function?

Back 36

Motor Control
Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals
Relays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex

Front 37

Hypothalamus

Location?

Back 37

The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and posterior to the optic chiasma.

Front 38

Hypothalamus

Function?

Back 38

Controls Autonomic Functions
Emotions
Endocrine Functions
Homeostasis
Motor Functions
Regulates Food and Water Intake
Regulates Sleep Wake Cycle

Front 39

cerebrum contains what other structures besides the lobes?

Back 39

cortex
gyri
sulci

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cortex

Back 40

outer surface of the cerebrum is composed of gray matter that is folded.

Front 41

gyri

Back 41

folded gray matter increases the surface area of the cortex

Front 42

sulci

Back 42

The grooves between the gyri

Front 43

Cerebellum

Location?

Back 43

or "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and has a highly folded surface or cortex.
The cerebellum is located just above the brainstem, beneath the occipital lobes at the base of the skull.

Front 44

Cerebellum

Function?

Back 44

Controls Fine Movement Coordination
Balance and Equilibrium
Muscle Tone

Front 45

subconscious motor functions

Back 45

These are the functions of voluntary (skeletal) muscles that we perform without really thinking about them.

Front 46

Dampening

Back 46

cerebellum sends inhibitory signals to the motor neurons that control your arms

Front 47

Corpus Callosum

Back 47

The corpus callosum is a thick band of fibers located between the cerebral hemispheres.

Connects the Left and Right Hemispheres

Front 48

Although the human brain is significantly more complex than the brains of other vertebrates, the basic layout is the same. However, one part of the brain is significantly larger in humans than in any other vertebrates. What part of the brain is that?

Back 48

The cerebrum is much larger in humans as compared to other vertebrates

Front 49

Amphibians typically move in a jerky, uncoordinated fashion compared to other vertebrates. What portion of their brain is not as well-developed as it is in other vertebrates?

Back 49

The cerebellum deals with fine muscle movements. Amphibian cerebellums are much smaller and less-developed than those of other vertebrates.

Front 50

Based on what you have learned in this section, what portion of the brain do you think is affected by tranquilizers?

Back 50

reticular activation system

Front 51

What are the fissures of the Cerebrum and their functions?

Back 51

longitudinal fissure - divides cerebrum into two hemispheres.

lateral fissure - seperates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes.

central sulcus - intersects with the lateral fissure, forming the boundary of the frontal lobe

Front 52

primary somatic sensory area or primary somatic sensory cortex

Location & Function?

Back 52

postcentral gyrus

this area of the cerebrum receives generalized sensory input from all over the body.

Front 53

postcentral gyrus

Back 53

gyrus is just posterior to the central sulcus

Front 54

somatic sensory association area

Location & Function?

Back 54

Parietal lobe

determines the nature of a sensation.

Front 55

visual cortex

Location & Function?

Back 55

occipital lobe

receives the action potentials from the optic nerves that are attached to the eyes

Front 56

visual association area

Location and Function?

Back 56

the visual association area compares this image to past experience so as to give you context.

Front 57

primary auditory area

Location and Function?

Back 57

temporal lobe

is responsible for the basics of sound: volume and pitch.

Front 58

auditory association area

Back 58

puts the signals into historical context for you

Front 59

Wernicke's area

Location and Function?

Back 59

An area in the posterior temporal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain

involved in the recognition of spoken words.

Front 60

taste area

Location and Function?

Back 60

inferior surface of the frontal lobe

interprets taste

Front 61

primary motor area or cortex

Location and Function?

Back 61

precentral gyrus

It controls our basic skeletal movements

Front 62

premotor area

Location and Function?

Back 62

frontal lobe

sequence of action potentials needed for this fine motor movement is actually worked out ahead of time

Front 63

Broca's area

Location and Function?

Back 63

subsection of the pre-motor area - frontal lobe

works out the detailed sequencing that needs to take place to carry out the finest of muscle movements - those related to speech.

Front 64

prefrontal area

Location and Function?

Back 64

large part of the cerebrum

dedicated to our ability to reason, to think things through, and our ability to foresee what's going to happen.

Front 65

Commissures

Back 65

Connections of nerve fibers which allow the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with one another

Front 66

Suppose someone hits his or her head and has a concussion. If that person has a difficult time speaking but has no problem thinking of the words he or she wants to say, what area of the brain was, most likely, damaged?

Back 66

Most likely, Broca's area has been affected. Wernicke's area is what we use to determine what to say. Broca's area then works out the muscle movements needed to make the appropriate words. If the person knows what he or she wants to say, Wernicke's area is working fine. If he or she just can't say it, that means Broca's area is damaged.

Front 67

A person hits his head and then feels numb all over. What area of the brain was affected?

Back 67

Most likely, the somatic sensory area is damaged. The somatic sensory area receives general sensory input. If you feel numb, you are not interpreting that sensory information

Front 68

What are the 2 main basal nuclei in the cerebrum? What is it also called?

Back 68

lentiform
caudate

corpus striatum

Front 69

subthalamic nucleus

Location?

Back 69

diencephalon

Front 70

substantia nigra

Location?

Back 70

midbrain.

Front 71

amygdaloid nucleus

Location?

Back 71

limbic system

Front 72

The limbic system

Location?

Back 72

often referred to as the "emotional brain", is found buried within the cerebrum. Like the cerebellum, evolutionarily the structure is rather old.

Front 73

What are the 4 structures of the limbic system?

Back 73

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus

Front 74

Amygdala

Location? Function?

Back 74

part of the telencephalon, located in the temporal lobe;

involved in memory, emotion, and fear. The amygdala is both large and just beneath the surface of the front, medial part of the temporal lobe where it causes the bulge on the surface called the uncus. This is a component of the limbic system.

Front 75

Hippocampus-

Location? Function?

Back 75

the portion of the cerebral hemisphers in basal medial part of the temporal lobe.

This part of the brain is important for learning and memory . . . for converting short term memory to more permanent memory, and for recalling spatial relationships in the world about us

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ventricles

Back 76

One of a system of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.

Front 77

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 77

a fluid that cushions the brain and also provides a few nutrients to the brain

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ependymal cells

Back 78

line the ventricles

Front 79

choroid plexuses.

Back 79

The ependymal cells, their support cells, and the blood vessels which supply them with oxygen and nutrients

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lateral ventricles

Back 80

largest ventricles - About 80% of the cerebrospinal fluid is produced in one of those two ventricles.

Front 81

third ventricle and the fourth ventricle

Back 81

the other 2 venticles

Front 82

interventricular foramina

Back 82

The two lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle by two foramina

Front 83

cerebral aqueduct

Back 83

The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle

Front 84

One of us (Dr. Wile) had a grandfather whose hand shook uncontrollably, even when he was sitting still doing nothing. The doctor traced this problem to a specific part of the brain. Which part?

Back 84

basal nuclei

Front 85

Some fear reactions seem to be a natural part of the brain which require no learning. For example, an infant rodent will be afraid of a cat, even though it has never seen a cat before. Where, most likely, is this information stored?

Back 85

limbic system