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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Difference between endocrine and nervous system
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endocrine-communicates via hormone secretion into blood, takes longer to react and to dispensary (days to weeks)
Nervous-electrochemical reactions via neurons, react in ms and dissipate same |
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define hormones
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chemical messengers released into blood to travel around body
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What is function of Endocrine System.
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regulate metabolism, fluid volume, content, growth, maturation, sexual development, senescene, behavior
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what are the parts of the endocrine system
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pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands, pancreas, hypothalamus, ovaries and testies (gonads)
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what are target cells
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the specific cells that individual hormones influence
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What are the possible changes hormonal stimulus do
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alters plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential by controlling ion channels, stimulates synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules w/i cell, activates/deactivates enzymes, induces secretory activity, stimulates mitosis
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what does protein kinases do
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its a phosphorylate (adds a phosphate group)
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what are the two types of hormones
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H2O soluble, lipid soluble
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What is target cell specificity
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in order for a target cell to respond to a hormone, the cell must have specific protein receptors on its plasma membrane or interior so the hormone can bind to them
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what is up-regulation
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target cells forming more receptors
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what is down-regulation
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target cells lose receptors to prevent it overreacting
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Define the Half-life of hormones
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a decrease by half of a hormone over a given amount of time, which varies to the specific hormones
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What are 3 types of hormonal Interaction
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Permissiveness, synergism, antagonism
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Define Permissiveness
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one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present
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Define Synergism
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more than one hormone produces the same effect at the target cell but combined amplify the effect
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Define Antagonism
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when 1 hormone opposes the action of another
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Negative feedback system
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limits the output of hormones
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define Autocrines
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chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them
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Define Paracrines
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locally acting chemical that affect cells other than those that secrete them
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What are the 2 classifications of steriods
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amino acid based or steroids
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what are eicosanoids
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biologically active lipids released by cell membranes
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what are leukotrienes
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mediate inflamation and some allergic rxn's
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what are prostaglandins
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multiple targets and effects
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how do the plasma membrane receptors work with second-messenger systems with cAMP
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receptor activates a G protien by adding a GTP and releasing a GDP, G protein activates Adenylate Cyclase converting an ATP to cAMP, cAMP activates a protein kinsases
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How do lipid soluble hormones activate
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the steroid diffuse into cell and bind to an intracellular receptor, H-R complex binds to hormone response element in nucleus, gene is turned on and prompts transcription of mRA then translates specific proteins involved in metabolic activities
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Target cell activation depends on what 3 factors
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blood levels of hormone, relative number of receptors on or in target cell, affinity of binding between receptor and hormone
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What are the three stimuli triggers for hormone secretion
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Humoral Stimuli, Neural Stimuli, Hormonal stimuli
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what is humoral stimuli
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secretion directly prompted by fluctuating blood levels of specific critical ions and nutrients/simplest endocrine control system
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what is neural stimuli
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nerve fibers stimulate release
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what is hormonal stimuli
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secretion contingent up secretion of other hormones, promotes rhythmic hormone release with levels showing a pattern
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What part can the nervous system play in the endocrine system
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can modify stimuli and inhibition to create homeostasis, like an override safeguard
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describe the pituitary and how many hormones does the it secrete and its
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anterior and posterior lobes, posterior is part of brain and shares no connection with anterior but vascular, 9
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What are the hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary gland
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Pro-opionelanocortin(POMC), Somatotropin(GH),Thyroid-stimulating hormones(TSH), Adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH), Gonadotrophin(FSH+LH), Prolactin(PRL)
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What does Somatotropin (GH) do
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anabolic hormone that stimulates growth of all body tissue, produced by anterior pituitary
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What does Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do
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also called thyrotropin, promotes normal development and activity of thyroid gland, produced by anterior pituitary
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What does Adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) do
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stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids, produced by anterior pituitary
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what do the Gonadotrophins (FSH+LH) do
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regulate the functions of gonads in both sexes, produced by anterior pituitary
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What does Luteinizing(LH) hormone do
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stimulates gonadal hormone production, produced by anterior pituitary
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What does Follicle Stimulating hormone(FSH) do
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stimulates sex cell production, produced by anterior pituitary
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What does Prolactin do
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promotes lactation in humans, produced by anterior pituitary
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What are the hormones produced by the posterior lobe of the pituitary
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oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
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What does oxytocin do
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stimulates strong uterine contractions during parturition, produced by posterior pituitary
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what does Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) do
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stimulates kidney tubules to reabsorb and conserve H2O due to high solute concentrations in blood, produced by posterior pituitary
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Where and what does the Thyroid produce
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cervical region right below hyoid, Calcitonin, Thyroxine(T4), Triiodothyronine(T3)
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What does Calcitonin do
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produced in response to an increase of Ca++ levels in blood to inhibit osteoclast activity but not important in Ca++ homeostasis, produced by thyroid
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What does Thyroxine(T4) do
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promotes metabolic growth in body, produced by thyroid
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What does Triiodothyronine(T3) do
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promotes metabolic growth, produced by thyroid
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Details on Parathyroid Glands
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the knobs on the posterior of the thyroid, secrete Parathyroid hormone(PTH)
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What does Parathyroid hormone(PTH) do
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causes increase in blood Ca++ levels, key to Ca++ homeostasis, produced in parathyroid
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Describe the Adrenal Glands
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Located on top of kidneys, produces Cortisal and epinephrine
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what does the adrenal Cortex produce
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mineralcorticoids(aldosterone), glucocorticoids(cortisol), gonadocorticoids(androgens)
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What does cortisol do
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aids body in resistance to stressors by increasing blood glucose, Fatty Acid and Amino Acid levels and b.p., produces by by adrenal cortex
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What is Catecholamines(EPI and NE) do
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enhance and prolong the fight or flight response to short term stressors
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Describe the Pineal gland
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located in diencephalon, secretes melatonin
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What does melatonin do
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influences the daily 24hr rythms (circadian)
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describe the Pancreas
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both endocrine and exocrine, secretes insulin and glucagon
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What does Glucagon do.
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hyperglycemic agent, mainly targets liver to release glucose into blood via liver cells decreases AA in blood
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What does Insulin do
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lowers blood glucose also influences protein and lipid metabolism
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Describe the ovaries
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female gonads that release estrogen and progesterone
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What does progesterone do
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works with estrogen to establish menstrual cycle
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Describe the testes
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male gonads that produce testosterone and inhibin
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What does Estrogen do
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maturation of the reproductive organs and secondary sex features
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what does testosterone do
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maturation of the male reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics and sex drive
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what does inhibin do
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inhibits the secretion of follicle stimulating hormones from the anterior pituitary
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What is unique about blood
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only fluid tissue (specialized connective)
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describe Erythrocytes
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RBC's, 45% of blood, contain Hb as the O2 carrier, biconcave shape make it ideal for gas exchange, generate atp anerobically
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What are the functions of the blood
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transport O2, Metabolic wastes to elimination sites, convey hormones from endocrine organs to targets/regulates temp/prevent infection
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What is the only complete cells in blood
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WBC
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phases of development for erythrocytes
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ribosomes synthesis, hemoglobin accumulation, ejection of nucleus and formation of reticulocytes, reticulocytes become mature erythrocytes
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what are causes of hypoxia
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hemorrhage or RBC destruction, insufficient hemoglobin, reduced availability of O2
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Describe Leukocytes
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>1% of blood, crucial for defense against disease, capable of diapedesis, contains granulocytes and agranulocytes
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What are the granulocytes
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (all leukocytes)
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What are the Argranulocytes
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Lymphocytes, Monocytes (both leukocytes)
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Describe Neutrophils
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50-70% of all Leukocytes, granulocyte, Multi-lobed, kill bacteria and attracted to inflammation an
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Describe Eosinophils
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2-4% of all Leukocytes, Granulocyte,red granules, counters parasitic worms, complex role in allergy and asthma, important modulator of immune response
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Describe Basophils
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.5-1% of all Leukocytes, Granulocyte, large puple granules with histamine (vasodialator)
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Describe Lymphcytes
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25-45% of all Leukocytes, Agranulocyte, Large nucleus, closely associated with lymphoid tissue, respond to virus infected cells and tumors
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Describe Monocytes
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3-8% of all Leukocytes, Agranulocyte, U-kidney shaped nucleus, differentiates into macrophage, activate lymphcytes
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what is Leukopoiesis
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production of WBC
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all leukocytes originate from what
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hemocytoblasts
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what is leukemia
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canerous condition with an increase in WBC
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What is Leukopenia
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decrease in WBC
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Describe Platelets
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cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes, essential in clotting
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What are the stages of an EKG
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P-wave, QRS complex, T-wave
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How is the blood pumped through the heart
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R. Atrium, R. Ventricle, Lungs, L. Atrium, L. Ventricle
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Describe the P-wave
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Atrial Depolarization
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Describe the QRS complex
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Ventricular depolarization
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T-wave
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Ventricular re-polarization
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Describe the sa node
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upper right, pacemaker of heart
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describe the av node
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more medial node, slows impulse from sa node allowing atrium to complete contraction before it moves on
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What does the HIS bundle do
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transports the electrical signal from the AV node to the bundle branches
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What do the bundle branches do.
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transports the electrical signal of the heart along the interventricular septum to the purkinje fibers
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What do the purkinje fibers do
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transport the electrical signal of the heart into the ventricles
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what is tachycardia
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elevated heart rate of over 100bpm
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what is bradycardia
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slow heart rate below 60bmp
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what is fibrillation
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rapid, unsynchronized beating of the heart
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what is anemia
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less than normal amount of hemoglobin in blood
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what is polycythemia
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overproduction of red blood cells
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what is leukocytosis
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increase in wbc count in blood
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what does the hematocrit test do
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spins blood in order to find the amount of RBC in blood by separating them in centrifuge
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Describe the Thymus
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medial the sturnum, secretes thymic hormones
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