Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Where is the heart located?
|
situated snugly between the lungs and the mediastinum
|
|
|
What is the size of the heart?
|
about the size of a clenched fist
|
|
|
What is the shape of the heart?
|
inverted cone
|
|
|
Where is the apex pointed?
|
down and tilted to the left
|
|
|
Where is the base pointed?
|
its flat end is pointed towards the left shoulder
|
|
|
Pericardium
|
a double walled sac that covers the heart
|
|
|
Name the parts of the Pericardium
|
Fibrous Pericardium, Serious Pericardium, and Pericardial Cavity
|
|
|
Where is the Fibrous Pericardium located on the heart?
|
the loose outter layer
|
|
|
What is the function of the Fibrous Pericardium?
|
protects the heart, anchors it to it's surrounding structures, and prevents the heart from over filling
|
|
|
Where is the Serious Pericardium located?
|
it is the inner membrane
|
|
|
Name the divisions of the Serious Pericardium
|
Parietal Layer and the Visceral Layer
|
|
|
Parietal Layer
|
lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
|
|
|
Visceral Layer
|
the layer next to the heart itself
|
|
|
Whats another name for the Visceral Layer
|
Epicardium
|
|
|
Pericardial Cavity
|
the space between the parietal and viscearal layers
|
|
|
What does the Pericardial Cavity contain?
|
a film of serous fluid
|
|
|
Serous Fluid
|
lubricates layers of the heart
|
|
|
Name the walls of the heart
|
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
|
|
|
Epicardium
|
the outtermost layer
|
|
|
Myocardium
|
middle layer composed mainly of cardiac muscle
|
|
|
What is the Myocardium responsible for?
|
contractions
|
|
|
Endocardium
|
inner layer that lines the cavities of the heart and blood vessels and covers the valves
|
|
|
What type of cells are Endocardium composed of?
|
squamous epithelium
|
|
|
Name the chambers of the heart
|
atria and ventricles
|
|
|
What does the atria do?
|
act as receiving chambers
|
|
|
Auricles
|
external flaps covering the atria
|
|
|
Name the muscle lining the atria chambers
|
pectinate muscle
|
|
|
What do the ventricles act as?
|
distribution chambers
|
|
|
What does the left ventricle distribute?
|
blood to the body
|
|
|
What does the right ventricle distribute?
|
blood to the near by lungs
|
|
|
Which of the ventricles are bigger?
|
left
|
|
|
What is the muscle lining the ventricles called?
|
trabeculae carnae
|
|
|
What are the artias seperated by?
|
interatrial septum
|
|
|
What is the shallow bearing inbetween the artias?
|
fossa ovalis
|
|
|
What seperates the right and left ventricles?
|
interventricular septum
|
|
|
What do the valves of the heart prevent?
|
backflow
|
|
|
Name the valves of the heart
|
Atrioventricular Valves and Semilunar Valves
|
|
|
Name the parts of the Atrioventricular Valves
|
Tricuspid, Bicuspid, Chordae Tendineae, Papillary Muscles
|
|
|
Tricuspid
|
seperates the right atria from the right ventricle
|
|
|
Bicuspid
|
seperates the left atria from the left ventricle
|
|
|
What is another name for Bicuspid?
|
Mitrial
|
|
|
Chordae Tendineae
|
prevents the Atrioventricular Valves from inverting
|
|
|
Papillary Muscles
|
anchor the chordae tendineae so that they are able to prevent inversion of the AV valves
|
|
|
Name the types of Semilunar Valves
|
Pulminary Semilunar and Aortic Semilunar
|
|
|
Pulminary Semilunar
|
separates the right ventricle from the pulminary trunk
|
|
|
Aortic Semilunar
|
valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta
|
|
|
What do Semilunar Valves look like?
|
make of three crescent shaped, pocket like cusps
|
|
|
Name the characteristics of Cardiac Muscle
|
involuntary, striated, shorty branched cells, one nuclei, intercalated discs with gap junctions and desosomes
|
|
|
What allows cardiac muscle to contract as a unit?
|
intercalated discs
|
|
|
Functional Syncytium
|
the heart beats as one coordinated unit
|
|
|
Autorhythmic
|
1% of cardiac cells can initiate their own depolarization
|
|
|
Pulmonary Circulation
|
refers to deoxygenated blood going through the right side of the heart towards the pulmonary trunk and lungs
|
|
|
Systemic Circulation
|
refers to the oxygenated blood going through the left side of the heart towards the aorta and to the body
|
|
|
Name the deoxygenated blood flow through the Pulmonary Circulation
|
Right Atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, Pulminary Semilunar Valve, Pulminary Trunk, Lungs
|
|
|
Where does the deoxygenated blood come from before flowing in the Pulminary Circulation?
|
Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus
|
|
|
After flowing through the Pulminary Circulation, how does the oxygenated blood get back to the heart?
|
by the pulminary veins
|
|
|
Name the route of Systemic Circulation
|
Pulminary viens drain into the left atrium, Bicuspid valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Semilunar Valve, Aorta, Body
|
|
|
What is the largest Artery?
|
Aorta
|
|
|
Coronary Circulation
|
the blood circulation that feeds the heart
|
|
|
Name the arteries of the coronary circulation
|
Left coronary artery and right coronary artery
|
|
|
What is the Left coronary artery composed of?
|
Anterior Interventricular Artery and Circumflex Artery
|
|
|
What is the Right Coronary Artery composed of?
|
Posterior Interventricular Artery
|
|
|
Name the veins that drain into the heart
|
Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus, Great Middle and small cardiac viens
|
|
|
Superior Vena Cava
|
drains deoxgenated blood from all tissues above the diaphragm to the right atrium
|
|
|
Inferior Vena Cava
|
drains deoxygenated blood fromm all tissues below the diaphragm to the right atrium
|
|
|
Great Middle and Small Vena Cava Vien
|
drains deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to the coronary sinus
|
|
|
Coronary Circulation
|
drains deoxygenated blood from the heart tissues to the right artium
|
|
|
Where is the Great Cardiac Vien located?
|
under the Anterior Interventricular Artery
|
|
|
Where is the Small Cardiac Vien located?
|
parallel to the marginal artery
|
|
|
Where is the Middle Cardiac Vien located?
|
parallel to the posterior Interventricular artery
|
|
|
Name the parts of the Intrinsic Conduction System
|
Sinoatrial Node, Atriobentricular Node, Bundle of His, Right and Left Bundle Branches, Purkinje fibers
|
|
|
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
|
"pacemaker"
|
|
|
What does the SA do?
|
it regulates the pace of the heart by generating impulses at a rate of sinus rhythm
|
|
|
Sinus Rhythm
|
75 times per sec
|
|
|
Where is the SA located?
|
in the right atrium
|
|
|
Where is the Atrioventricular Node located?
|
in the lower portion of the right atrium
|
|
|
What does the AV do?
|
recieves impulses from the SA node and relays them to the AV bundles
|
|
|
whats another name for the AV bundles
|
Bundle of His
|
|
|
Where is the Bundle of His located?
|
in the interatrial septum
|
|
|
What does the Bundle of His do?
|
transmits the impulse to the left and right bundle branches which extend throught the interventriular septum
|
|
|
Where does the Right and Left Bundle course along?
|
the interventricular septum toward the heart apex
|
|
|
Where does the Purkinje fibers send their impulse to?
|
from cell to cell causing depolarization
|
|
|
What directly stimulates cardiac muscle cells of the ventricles?
|
Purkinje fibers
|
|
|
How long does it take for the impulse to travel from the SA to the depolarization area?
|
.22 secs
|
|
|
Name the parts of the extrinsic conduction system
|
Sympathetic System and the Parasympathetic system
|
|
|
What is the center of the Extrinsic conduction system?
|
medulla Oblongata
|
|
|
What happens to the sympathetic nervous system in the Extrinsic System?
|
increases both the rate and force of heartbeat
|
|
|
How does the Sympathetic Nervous System speed up the heart beat?
|
by impulse traveling through the cardiac accelerator nerves
|
|
|
What happens to the Parasympathetic Nervous System in the Extrinsic System?
|
system slows the heart by impulse of the vagus nerve
|
|
|
Electrocardiograph
|
measures electrical impulses
|
|
|
What are the types of deflection waves in the EKG?
|
P Wave QRS Wave and the T Wave
|
|
|
P Wave
|
atrial depolarization results from impulses delivered by the SA node
|
|
|
QRS Wave
|
ventricular depolarization which precedes ventricular contraction.
|
|
|
T Wave
|
ventricular repolarization
|
|
|
When does Atrial repolarization occur?
|
during the QRS Wave
|
|
|
Auscultate
|
to listen
|
|
|
What is the basic rhythm
|
lub-dub pause lub-dub pause
|
|
|
What does the first pause represent?
|
the quiescent period
|
|
|
What does the lub stand for?
|
the AV valves closing
|
|
|
What does the -dub stand for
|
the semilunar valves closing
|
|
|
Heart Murmurs
|
abnormal sounds
|
|
|
Name the parts of the cardiac cycle
|
systole and diastole
|
|
|
Systole
|
the contraction phase
|
|
|
Diastole
|
the relaxation phase
|
|
|
How long does the cardiac cycle last?
|
.8 secs
|
|
|
What is a normal heart rate?
|
75 beats per min
|
|
|
Name the sequence of the cardiac cycle
|
Ventricular Filling, Ventricular Systole, Isovolumetric Relaxation
|
|
|
Ventricular Filling
|
has two parts of ventricular flowing and artial contration
|
|
|
ventricular flowing
|
blood flows through the atria and the AV valves open allowing blood into the ventricles
|
|
|
atrial contraction
|
The atrial then undergo systole and force the remainder of the blood into the ventricles
|
|
|
What is the pressure like in Ventricular Filling?
|
low and the heart is passive
|
|
|
Name the parts of the Ventricular Systole
|
isovolumetric contraction phase and ventricular ejection phase
|
|
|
When are all valves shut during the Ventricular Systole?
|
during the Isovolumetric Contraction Phase
|
|
|
Ventricular Ejection Phase
|
When the pressure in the chamber rises to levels higher than the pressure in the arteries, blood forces the semilunar valves open and blood flows into the arteries
|
|
|
Isovolumetric Relaxation Period
|
The ventricles relax and blood in the arteries begins to backflow toward the heart, closing the Semilunar valves. For a split second all valves are once again closed
|
|
|
Quiescent Period
|
Pressure within the chambers is now the same for a brief moment and the entire heart is relaxed
|
|
|
Cardiac Output
|
the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle each minute
|
|
|
How is cardiac output calculated?
|
the stroke volume times the Heart Rate
|
|
|
Stroke volume
|
the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle per beat
|
|
|
Heart Rate
|
the number of beats per min
|
|
|
Name some factors influencing Stroke Volume
|
Preload, Contractility, Afterload
|
|
|
Preload
|
how much blood enters a ventricle during diastole due to the amount of stretch
|
|
|
Contractility
|
how much contractile strength is achieved at a given muscle length
|
|
|
What is increased contractility due to?
|
a greater Ca2+ influx
|
|
|
What is enhanced contractility a result of?
|
in the ejection of more blood (greater SV)
|
|
|
Afterload
|
pressure needed before ventricle ejection occurs (force needed to overcome pressure on valves)
|
|
|
Influencing factors of Heart Rate is..
|
Autonomic System, Hormones, Age, Fitness, Gender, Temperature, Ion Concentrations, Blood Pressure
|
|
|
Name the hormones the influence the heart
|
epinephrine/norephrine, acetylcholine, thyroxine
|
|
|
What are ion concentrations monitored by?
|
chemoreceptors
|
|
|
What is blood pressure monitored by?
|
baroreceptors
|
|
|
Name some heart murmur disorders
|
stenosis, incometent valve, mitral valve prolapse
|
|
|
Stenosis
|
valve flaps become stiff and narrowed thereby restricting normal blood flow
|
|
|
incompetant valve
|
valves fail to close properly resulting in a backflow of blood
|
|
|
Mitral Valve Prolapse
|
affects up to 1% of the population; appears to be genetic; chordae tendineae are abnormal and/or the papillary muscle malfunction resulting in the flaps becoming inverted.
|
|
|
What can attack the valve?
|
Rheumatic Fever and Streptococcus
|
|
|
Arrhythmias
|
abnormal heart rhythms
|
|
|
Tachycardia
|
=more than 100 beats per minute
|
|
|
2. Bradycardia
|
=less than 60 beats per minute
|
|
|
3. Fibrillation
|
uncoordinated heartbeat or quivering
|
|
|
4. Heart block
|
blockage in the AV node
|
|
|
5. Asystole
|
no heart contraction
|
|
|
6. Heart palpitation
|
unusually strong, fast, or irregular heartbeat so that the person is aware of it
|
|
|
Myocardial Infarction
|
heart attack
|
|
|
Infarction
|
tissue death due to loss of blood supply
|
|
|
Ischemia
|
decreased blood flow due to hypoxia
|
|
|
Angina pectoralis
|
chest pain due to heart problem
|
|
|
Pericarditis
|
inflammation of the pericardium
|
|
|
Endocarditis
|
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
|
|
|
Cardiac tamponade
|
accumulation of fluid within the pericardium preventing the heart from pumping
|
|
|
Myocarditis
|
inflammation of the heart muscle
|
