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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the functions of the respiratory system? |
-Get O2 to cells -Remove CO2 from tissues -Maintain pH -Clean, humidify, and warm air before reaching lungs |
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What 4 processes are responsible for bringing O2 into tissues and removing CO2 from them? |
-Pulmonary ventilation -External respiration -Transport -Internal respiration |
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What is pulmonary ventilation? |
The movement of air in and out of the lungs |
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What causes pulmonary ventilation? |
The increase and decrease of volume of thoracic cavity |
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What is the conducting zone? |
Upper portion of respiratory tract |
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What parts are included in the conducting zone? |
-Mouth -nose -trachea -pharynx -larynx -bronchi -bronchioles |
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What do the mouth and nose do in the conducting zone? |
Warm and humidify air (better done by nose) via hair and music in nose which traps debri |
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Mucus in the trachea is produced by __? |
Goblet cells |
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What type of cells in the trachea expectorants debri? |
Pseudostratified columnar cells |
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What are upper respiratory bronchi supported by? |
Cartilage |
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What traps debri in the bronchi? |
Ciliated cells |
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What are the characteristics of bronchioles? |
-smaller bronchi -do not have cartilage -prone to collapsing -supports only by smooth muscle |
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What is bronchoconstriction ? |
Decreases diameter of bronchioles |
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What is bronchodilation? |
Increases diameter of bronchioles |
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What is the respiratory zone? |
Lower portion of the respiratory tract |
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Respiratory zone has a thin __ layer. What’s the function of this layer? |
Epithelial -allows for diffusion of gases across the lung and blood vessels |
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Define elastic tissue |
Comes back to original shape |
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Define compliant tissue |
Easily stretched and deformed |
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What is the respiratory zone made up of ? |
-Alveolar sacs -Alveoli -Respiratory bronchi (no cartilage) |
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What do alveoli account for? |
Large amount of surface area in the lungs |
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Alveoli increase in size during ____? And decrease during ___? |
-Inspiration -Expiration |
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Where is the main location of external respiration? |
Alveoli |
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Define external respiration. |
Has exchange between lungs and blood vessels |
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Alveoli are surrounded by lots of elastic tissue, what does this allow for? |
Allows alveoli to recoil during expiration |
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What does the lumen of the alveoli contain? |
Macrophages that fight infection |
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What are alveoli composed of? |
Squamous epithelial and cuboidal alveolar cells |
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What is the function of surfactant? |
Allows the lungs to expand and contract without collapsing |
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What does parietal pleura line? |
The surface of the diaphragm and the interior of the thoracic cavity wall |
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What does the visceral cavity cover? |
The lungs |
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What is the purpose of pleural fluid? Where is it found? |
Acts as a lubricant for increase and decrease in size of thoracic cavity, and a shock absorber for lungs Found in interpleural space between parietal and visceral pleura |
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What is Boyle’s law? |
Volume vs pressure |
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What does Boyle’s law believe |
As pressure on a gas increases, volume of a gas decreases (Vic versa) |
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During inspiration atmospheric pressure is __ to alveolar pressure |
Greater than |
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During external respiration blood leaving alveoli is ____? |
High in O2 and low in CO2 |
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During internal respiration blood leaving tissues is ___? |
High in CO2 low in o2 |
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During expiration alveolar pressure is ___ than atmospheric |
Greater than |
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What are the 2 types of ventilation? |
Quiet and forced |
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Forced inspiration involves the |
Diaphragm, and external intercostals |
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Forced expiration involves the |
Diaphragm, internal intercostals and abdominals |
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Define tidal volume |
Volume of air that moves in and out of lungs |
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Define inspiratory reserve volume |
Additional volume of air that enters lungs during forced inspiration |
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Define expiratory reserve volume |
Additional volume of air that can be expired during forced expiration |
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Define residual volume |
Volume of air that always occupies lungs |
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Define inspiratory capacity. What’s the formula? |
Total amount of air that can be inspired -IRV+TV=IC |
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Define functional residual capacity. What’s the formula ? |
Amount of air remaining in lungs after tidal expiration -RV+ERV=FRC |
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What’s the formula for vital capacity? |
TV+IRV+RV=VC |
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What is the total lung capacity? |
Sum of all volumes |
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How does air move during internal respiration? |
From lungs to tissue and tissue to lungs |
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How does air move during external respiration? |
Moves from lungs to tissue and tissue to lungs |
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During external respiration, blood flowing to the lungs is |
Low in o2 and high in CO2 |
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What is the respiratory center if the medulla? |
A.k.a the “Dorsal respiratory group” or “Inspiratory center” -pace maker for respiration’s and initiate an action potential every 5 seconds |
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What can increase or decrease the rate that action potentials are initiated? |
Various chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors |
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What are mechanoreceptors? |
Stretch receptors for the alveoli |
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What is the main chemoreceptors ? |
[co2]; [co2] increases- causes blood pH to decrease |
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What can effect the carrying capacity of hemoglobin? |
-pH -pCO2 -pO2 -metabolic rate |
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What 3 ways is CO2 transported in blood? |
-(70%) as bicarbonate ion in the plasma -(20%) attached to amino acids in hemoglobin as carbaminohemaglobin -(10%) dissolved in plasma |
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What is a respiratory center? What does it control? |
Clusters or groups of neurons found in medulla oblongata and pons Controls rate and depth of respiration |
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How is oxygen transported? |
-(99%) bound to hemoglobin -Found dissolved in plasma |
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What does is mean to “load o2 to hemoglobin?” |
Bond o2 to hemoglobin |
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What does it mean to unload o2? |
Releases o2 to tissues |
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When is hemoglobin saturated ? |
When it is holding 4 O2 molecules “oxyhemoglobin” |
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When is hemoglobin unsaturated ? |
When it’s holding 1-3 o2 molecules |
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