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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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I. In the context of the new global circulation of goods, there was an intensification of all existing regional patterns of trade that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and overland Eurasia.
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The Columbian Exchange
Zheng He expeditions Indian Ocean trade |
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II. European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds, and included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns — all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.
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Compasses Maps New ship designs |
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III. Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred in this period. |
Ferdinand Magellan Christopher Columbus James Cook |
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A. Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with West Africa and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire. |
Caravels Maps Astrolabes |
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B. Spanish sponsorship of the first Colombian and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade. |
Columbian Exchange European Colonization Cash Crops in Caribbean |
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C. Northern Atlantic crossings for fishing and settlements continued and spurred European searches for multiple routes to Asia. |
Ferdinand Magellan Vasco De Cama ...sir francis drake… |
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IV. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants. |
Sugarcane Tobacco Maize |
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A. European merchants’ role in Asian trade was characterized mostly by transporting goods from one Asian country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region. |
Maize Sugarcane Sweet Potato |
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B. Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas. |
Capitalism Cash Crop Plantations Columbian Exchange |
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C. Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their domestic and colonial economies and by European merchants to compete against one another in global trade. |
East Indian Trading company VOC Columbian Exchange |
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D. The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and free and unfree laborers, and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples. |
Mita System Encomienda System Slave Trade |
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V. The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange. |
Colonization Cash Crop Plantations Slave Trade |
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A. European colonization of the Americas led to the spread of diseases — including smallpox, measles, and influenza — that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere among Amerindian populations and the unintentional transfer of vermin, including mosquitoes and rats. |
Smallpox Measles Influenza |
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B. American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East in this period. |
Maize Peanuts Sweet Potatoes |
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C. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves. |
Bananas Giraffes Cattle |
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D. Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. |
Sweet Potatoes Maize Tomatoes |
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E. European colonization and the introduction of European agriculture and settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion. |
Trowels Plantations Wheat and Grains |
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VI. The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices. |
Christianity Islam Buddhism |
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VII. As merchants’ profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts, even for popular audiences, increased along with an expansion of literacy. |
William Shakespeare Taj Mahal Ottoman Miniature Paintings |
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I. Beginning in the 14th century, there was a decrease in mean temperatures, often referred to as the Little Ice Age, around the world that lasted until the 19th century, contributing to changes in agricultural practices and the contraction of settlement in parts of the Northern Hemisphere. |
Famine Revolts Disease |
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II. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. |
Plantations Slave Trade New American Crops |
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A. Peasant labor intensified in many regions. |
Coerced Labor Settlement in Hostile Environments Need For More Goods |
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B. Slavery in Africa continued both the traditional incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. |
Slave Trade Plantation Uses Cotton and Other Cash Crops |
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C. The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas. |
Slave Trade Encomienda System Mita System |
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D. Colonial economies in the Americas depended on a range of coerced labor. |
Mita System Slave Trade Encomienda System |
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III. As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies. |
Mestizo Mulatto Creoles |
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A. Both imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites. |
Manchus Spanish Creoles Entrepreneurs |
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B. The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as they confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. |
Mughals European Nobles Daimyos in Japan |
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C. Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including the demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades. |
Nuclear Family Families From Americas SE Asian Women |
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I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power. |
Bureaucracy Religion Treatment of Subjects |
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A. Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule. |
Architecture Court Literature Divine Right |
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B. States treated different ethnic and religious groups in ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge the authority of the state. |
Coerced Labor Millet Communities Indentured Servitude |
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C. Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources. |
Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Spanish Conquistadors |
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D. Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion. |
Tribute System Taxes Indentured Servitude |
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II. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres. |
Gunpowder Cannons Silver Armor |
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A. Europeans established new trading-post empires in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks, but these empires also affected the power of the states in interior West and Central Africa. |
Mali Kingdom Ghana Kingdom Songhai Kingdom |
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B. Land empires – including the Manchu, Mughal, Ottoman and Russian - expanded dramatically in size. |
Qing Dynasty Ottoman Empire Russian Empire |
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C. European states established new maritime empires in the Americas, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French and British. |
Portuguese Colonies Spanish Colonies Dutch Colonies |
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III. Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion. |
Pirates 30 Years War Samurai Revolts |
