Ap Us History- Civil War Era

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Abraham Lincoln

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president of the US 61-65; he is generally rated among America;s greatest presidents for his leadership in restoring the Union. Lincoln was assassinated April 14, 1, by John Wilkes Booth, before he could implement his Reconstruction Plan

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Andrew Johnson

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vp who took over after Lincoln's assassination; an ex-Democrat with little sympathy for former slaves, his battles with Radical Republicans resulted in his impeachment for in 1868. He avoided connection and removal from office by one vote.

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Border States

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Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri; these slave states stayed i the Union and were crucial to Lincoln's political and military strategy. He feared alienating them with emancipation of slaves and adding them to the Confederate cause.

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Carpetbaggers

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northerners who went South to participate in Reconstruction govts; although they possessed a variety of motives, southerners often viewed them as opportunistic, poor whites--a carpetbag as cheap luggage-hoping to exploit the south

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Charles Sumner

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senator from Mass. who was attacked on the floor of the Senate in '56 for antislavery speech; he required three years to recover but returned to the Senate to lead the Radical Republicans and to fight for racial equality. Sumner authored Civil Roights Act of 1875

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Compromise of 1877

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agreement that ended the disputed election of 1876 b/w Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden; under its terms, the South accepted Hayes' election. In return, the North agreed to remove the last troops from the South, support southern railroads, ad accept a southerner into the Cabinet. The Compromise of 1877 is generally considered to mark the end of Reconstruction.

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Copperheads

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northerns (mostly Democrats) who supported the southern causal they were strongest in Ohio, Indiana, and Il. Former Ohio congressmen Clement L. Vallandigham was the most notorious Copperhead. Many of Lincoln's arbitrary arrests wee directed again this group.

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Cotton Diplomacy

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a failed southern strategy to embargo cotton from England until Great Britain recognized and assisted the Confederacy; southerners hoped for economic pressure resulting from Britain's need for cotton for its textile factories would force Britain to aid the South. But direct said was never forthcoming.

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Dred Scott decision (1857)

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Chief Justice Roger Taney led a pro-slavery Supreme Court to uphold the extreme southern position on slavery; his ruling held that Scott was not a citizen (nor were any African Americans), that slavery was a protected by the Fifth Amendment and could expand into all territories, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

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Emancipation Proclamation

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executive order issued January 1, 1863, granting freedom to all sales in states that were in rebellion; Lincoln issued it using his constitutional authority as commander-in-chief, as a military measure to weaken the South's ability to continue the war. It did not affect the Border States or any region under northern control on Jan 1. Stepping stone to 13th Amendment

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14th Amendment (1868)

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granted citizenship to any person born or naturalized in the US; this amendment protects citizens from abuses by states' governments, and ensures due process and equal protection of the law. It overrode the Dred Scott decision.

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15th Amendment (1870)

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granted black males the right to vote and split former abolitionists and women's rights supporters, who wanted women included as well.

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Freedmen's Bureau

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a US govt sponsored agency that provided food, established schools, and tried to redistribute land to former slaves as part of Radical Reconstruction; it was most effective in education, where it created ver 4,000 schools in the South.

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George McClellan

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union general who was reluctant to attack Lee because of military/political reasons; his timidity prompted Lincoln to fire him twice during the war. He ran unsuccessfully for president against Lincoln in 1864 on an antiwar platform.

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

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author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best selling novel about the cruelty of slavery; often called the greatest propaganda novel in US history, the book increased tension b/w sections and helped bring on the Civil War

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James Buchanan

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weak, vacillating president of the US, 1857-1861; historians rate him as a failure for his ineffective response to secession and the formation of the Confederacy in 1860 and 1861.

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Jefferson Davis

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pres. of the Confederate States of the America; a leading southern politician of the 1850s, he believed slavery essential to the South and held that it should expand into the territories without restriction. He served as US senator from Mississippi and secretary of war before becoming pres. of the Confederacy. After the warm he served 2 years in prison for his role in the rebellion

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John Beckinridge

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vp under James Buchanan and Democratic presidential nominee in 1860 who supported slavery and states' rights; he split Democrat vote with Stephen Douglas and lost the election to Lincoln. He served in Confederate army and as secretary of war.

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John Brown

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violent abolitionist who murdered slaveholders in Kansas and Missouri (1856-1858) before his raid at Harper's Ferry (1859), hoping to incite a slave rebellion; he failed and was executed, but his martyrdom by northern abolitionists frightened the South.

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John Fremont

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explorer, soldier, politician, and 1st presidential nominee of the Repub. Party (1856); his erratic personal behavior and his radial views on slavery made him controversial and unelectable.

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Ku Klux Klan

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terrorist organization active through out the South during Reconstruction and after, dedicated to maintaining white supremacy; through violence and intimidation, it tried to stop freedmen from exercising their rights under the 14th and 15th Amendment

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Scalawags

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white southerners who cooperated with and served in Reconstruction govts; generally eligible to vote, they were usually considered traitors to their states

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Ten-percent Plan

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reconstruction plan of Lincoln and Johnson; when 10% of their number of voters in 1860 took an oath of allegiance, renounced secession, and approved the 1th Amendment, a southern state could form a govt and elect congressional representatives. The plan involved no military occupation and provided no help for freedmen. It was rejected by Radical Republicans in December 1865.

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Tenure of Office Act (1867)

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Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law y removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representative impeached him over his actions.

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Thaddeus Stevens

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uncompromising Radical Republican who wanted to revolution the South by giving equality to blacks; a leader in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, he hoped for widespread land distribution to former slaves.

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13th Amendment (1865)

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abolished slavery everywhere in the U.S.

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Ulysses S. Grant

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hard-fighting Union general whose relentless pursuit of Robert E. Lee finally brought the war to an end in April 1865; elected president in 1868, he presided over 2 disappointing and corrupt terms and is considered a failure as a president.

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Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

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harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill that provided the pres. would appoint provisional govts for conquered states until a majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union; it required the abolition of slavery by new state constitutions, the disenfranchisement of Confederate officials, and the repudiation of confederate debt. Lincoln killed the bill with a pocket veto.

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William Seward

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Lincoln's secretary of state and previously his chief rival for the Republican nomination in 1860; however, his comments about the Fugitive Slave Law and "irrepressible conflict" made him too controversial for nomination. as secretary of state, he worked to buy Alaska from Russia