Ap Us History Chapter 27

Front 1

Hegemony-

Back 1

Dominance

Front 2

Sphere of Influence-

Back 2

Area recognized by other nations as primarily the interest of one particular nation (e.g Eastern Europe was regarded after WWII as within the Soviet Union’s sphere of influence)

Front 3

Molotov-

Back 3

Soviet foreign minister during and after the war

Front 4

Potsdam Conference-

Back 4

July 1945 meeting between Truman, Stalin & Atlee (new Brit PM) where it was decided that Germany would be occupied by Brit, Fr, US & USSR temporarily

Front 5

Baruch Plan-

Back 5

1946 US plan to keep the US the only nuclear power. It was rejected by Stalin’s USSR.

Front 6

Containment-

Back 6

1946 US policy (articulated by Kennan in his “long telegram”) of preventing the USSR from spreading communism beyond where it already existed. It was first tested in Greece & Turkey in 1947 where Soviet-backed communists were trying to take over so Pres Truman sent $400 mil in aid to anti-communists

Front 7

Domino Theory-

Back 7

Eisenhower’s term for how countries might begin falling to communism if not stopped

Front 8

Marshall Plan-

Back 8

1948-1952 US sec of state Marshall’s successful plan of rebuilding Western Europe with US money ($13 bil) to keep it from falling to communists

Front 9

Berlin Airlift-

Back 9

1948-49. USSR blocks access to western zone in Berlin via roads & rail (to get west out of city) but US supplies city by air & Stalin gave in. It was a major victory in the Cold War for the West & turned Berlin into the symbol of the Cold War.

Front 10

NATO-

Back 10

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Western alliance system v. communism started in 1949.

Front 11

COMECON-

Back 11

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. 1949 Soviet sponsored organization in response to NATO.

Front 12

NSC-

Back 12

National Security Council. US agency established in 1947 to set defense and military priorities.

Front 13

NSC-68-

Back 13

1950 NSC report that suggested the US dramatically increase defense spending to deal with the Soviet threat

Front 14

General MacArthur-

Back 14

US general in charge if occupied Japan from 1945-1951

Front 15

Mao Zedong-

Back 15

Chinese communist leader whose forces took over China in 1949 turning it into a communist nation

Front 16

Zhou Enlai-

Back 16

aka Chou En-lai. Communist leader with Mao.

Front 17

Jiang Jieshi-

Back 17

aka Chiang Kai-shek. Leader of the non-communist Nationalists forces in China who lost to Mao’s communists in 1949 after US withdrew financial aid. The nationalists fled to the island of Formosa and established the non-communist nation of Taiwan while the communists established the People’s Republic of China on the mainland

Front 18

China Lobby-

Back 18

US anti-communist group led by publisher Luce & Rep senators Mundt & Knowland who accused Truman’s sec of state Acheson of losing China to the communists & insisted that the US should not recognize communist China as a legitimate nation

Front 19

Acheson-

Back 19

Truman’s sec of state whom the China Lobby accused of losing China

Front 20

Red China-

Back 20

Term used by China Lobby for People’s Republic of China

Front 21

38th parallel-

Back 21

Line of latitude that divided Korea into communist N & non-communist S

Front 22

Kim Il Sung-

Back 22

Communist leader of N Korea

Front 23

Syngman Rhee-

Back 23

Non-Communist leader of S Korea

Front 24

Korean War-

Back 24

1950-1953. Communist N invades non-communist S. US sends troops to help S & nearly push communists out of N entirely (and perhaps reuniting Korea as a non-communist nation) but then Red China sends 300,000 troops & drive US/S Korean forces back below the 38th parallel where the nations were officially divided by 1953 treaty. The war underscored the need to deal with communist aggression anywhere & Asia became a major theater of conflict

Front 25

Police Action-

Back 25

Term used to describe Korean War since it began as United Nation action v. communist aggression and aimed only to reestablish peace with a UN “peace-keeping force”

Front 26

Yalu River-

Back 26

N border between N Korea & China. It was across the Yalu River that the Chinese had invaded Korea. MacArthur openly suggested that the US “bomb the Yalu” (i.e. use nukes on China) & was fired by Truman

Front 27

Election of 1952-

Back 27

Repub Eisenhower & VP Nixon defeat Dem Stevenson. (Truman chose not to run due to the unpopularity of the Korean War which had been dubbed “Truman’s War”)

Front 28

New Look-

Back 28

Eisenhower’s foreign policy of building up nuclear weapons as a cheaper way of dealing with Soviet/communist aggression

Front 29

Massive Retaliation-

Back 29

Eisenhower policy of guaranteeing peace by the threat of a huge nuclear response to Soviet/communist aggression

Front 30

Dulles-

Back 30

Eisenhower’s Sec of State

Front 31

ICBMs-

Back 31

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles. Nuclear weapons deployed by both the Us & USSR which were capable of hitting targets thousands of miles away

Front 32

SEATO-

Back 32

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization created by Sec of state Dulles in 1954

Front 33

Covert Interventions-

Back 33

Secret attempts to undermine anti-US, pro-communist governments

Front 34

CIA-

Back 34

Central Intelligence Agency. Created to launch covert interventions. It helped put the Shah of Iran on the throne in 1953 & oust Guzman in Guatemala in 1954

Front 35

Zionism-

Back 35

Jewish nationalism which had helped to establish a Jewish state in Israel (aka Palestine) in 1948. This began a struggle between Arab Muslims and Jewish settlers who both claim this area.

Front 36

Nasser-

Back 36

Pan-Arab Egyptian leader after 1954

Front 37

Suez Crisis-

Back 37

Nasser accepts Soviet help to build the Aswan Dam on the Nile & nationalizes the Suez Canal in 1956. Brit & France (which had controlled the canal) invade & take it back but the US asks them to give it up

Front 38

Eisenhower Doctrine-

Back 38

Post-Suez Canal policy that asserted the US would help any nation v. armed communist aggression

Front 39

Employment Act-

Back 39

1946 law to achieve full employment by using Keynesian deficit spending to spur & control growth

Front 40

Taft-Hartley Act-

Back 40

1947 republican-sponsored law passed over Truman veto that rolled back 1935 National Labor Relations Act & allowed “right-to-work” laws that limited unions’ operations

Front 41

Election of 1948-

Back 41

Truman in his Fair Deal/“Give ‘em hell, Harry” campaign defeats Repub Dewey in a close election that included a Progressive Party led by ex-FDR VP Wallace & a States’ Rights Party (aka Dixiecrats) led by SC gov Strom Thurmond

Front 42

Fair Deal-

Back 42

Truman’s extension of FDR’s New Deal which emphasized social & economic equality, little of which was passed

Front 43

Socialized Medicine-

Back 43

A major but never achieved part of Truman’s Fair Deal which called for the federal government, not private industry, to provide health care for Americans

Front 44

Senator McCarthy-

Back 44

WI senator whose anti-communism helped to create a Red Scare after WWII but whose aggressive style (especially in the televised Army/McCarthy hearings in 1954) eventually led to his censure

Front 45

HUAC-

Back 45

House Committee on Un-American Activities. Formed in 1938 to root out fascist & communist influence in unions & New Deal agencies it helped spark the “Great Fear” in 1947 when it looked into communist influence in the movie industry

Front 46

Blacklist-

Back 46

People who were accused of communist sympathies & were therefore not to be hired by anyone

Front 47

Fellow Travelers-

Back 47

Term for communist sympathizers

Front 48

Alger Hiss-

Back 48

Former New Deal & state Dept official (who’d been at Yalta with FDR) who HUAC (with the help of ex-communist journalist Whittaker Chambers) discovered was a communist and had passed on classified documents to the USSR

Front 49

Richard Nixon-

Back 49

CA republican representative, then senator whose work on HUAC made him a major anti-communist hero

Front 50

Rosenbergs-

Back 50

Husband & wife communist spies convicted of espionage & executed in 1953 whose trial was a sensation

Front 51

I Like Ike-

Back 51

1952 Eisenhower election slogan

Front 52

K1C2-

Back 52

Eisenhower’s Korea, Communism & Corruption campaign tactic in 1952

Front 53

Hidden Hand Presidency-

Back 53

Eisenhower’s style as President of appearing to be above politics while actually being deeply involved in it

Front 54

Sputnik-

Back 54

Soviet satellite launched in 1957 which made many worry that the USSR was beating the US in the “space race”

Front 55

NASA-

Back 55

National Aeronautics and Space Administration founded in 1958 to compete with Sputnik

Front 56

Election of 1954-

Back 56

Democrats take over congress

Front 57

HEW-

Back 57

Dept of Health, Education & Welfare established in 1953

Front 58

Interstate Highway Act-

Back 58

1956 law to build the interstate highway system (and largest public works program in US history)

Front 59

NAACP-

Back 59

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Front 60

National Civil Rights Commission-

Back 60

1946 Truman agency to promote civil rights

Front 61

Shelly v. Kraemer-

Back 61

1948 Supreme Court decision striking down racial covenants in housing developments

Front 62

Desegregating the Troops-

Back 62

Truman’s decision to desegregate armed forces in 1948

Front 63

Brown v. Board of Education Of Topeka-

Back 63

1954 Supreme Court decision striking down the 1896 pro-segregation “separate but equal” Plessy v Ferguson decision

Front 64

Orval Faubus-

Back 64

AK gov who refused to integrate Little Rock’s Central High School in 1957 & Eisenhower called in federal troops

Front 65

Rosa Parks-

Back 65

Black woman who refused to sit in the back of a bus prompting a bus boycott in Montgomery, AL in 1955

Front 66

Martin Luther King-

Back 66

Black minister who led the Montgomery boycott

Front 67

Southern Christian Leadership Conference-

Back 67

aka SCLC. Founded in 1957 by King & Reverend Ralph Abernathy to promote civil rights

Front 68

SANE-

Back 68

National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy. Anti-nuke organization

Front 69

MAD-

Back 69

Mutually Assured Destruction. Policy justifying nuclear proliferation by asserting neither side would launch an attack if it meant both would perish in a nuclear holocaust

Front 70

U2 Incident-

Back 70

1960 controversy in which US spy plane shot down while spying on USSR. Initially Eisenhower denies it but pilot

Front 71

Military-Industrial Complex-

Back 71

Eisenhower’s term for the combined power of military and industry which might work together to promote arms building for its own benefit thereby draining much US energy & resources