Ap Psychology-Ch.9:intelligence And Psychological Testing

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Achievement tests

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Tests that gauge a person's mastery and knowledge of various subjects.

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Aptitude tests

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Psychological tests used to assess talent for specific types of mental ability.

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Construct validity

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The extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct.

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Content validity

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The degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it's supposed to cover.

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Convergent thinking

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Narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer.

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Correlation

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The extent to which two variables are related to each other.

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Correlation coefficient

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A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.

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Creativity

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The generation of ideas that are original, novel, and useful.

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Criterion-related validity

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Test validity that is estimated by correlating subjects' scores on a test with their scores on an independent criterion (another measure) of the trait assessed by the test.

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Crystallized intelligence

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One's ability to apply acquired skills and knowledge in problem solving.

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Deviation IQ scores

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Scores that locate subjects precisely within the normal distribution, using the standard deviation as the unit of measurement.

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Discrimination

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Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group.

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Divergent thinking

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Trying to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions.

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Emotional intelligence

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The ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion.

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Factor analysis

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Statistical analysis of correlations among many variables to identify closely related clusters of variables.

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Fitness

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The reproductive success (number of descendants) of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success of the population.

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Fluid intelligence

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One's reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information processing.

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Heritability ratio

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An estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance.

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Ingroup

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The group that people belong to and identify with.

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Insight

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In problem solving, the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error.

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Intelligence quotient (IQ)

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A child's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.

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Intelligence tests

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Psychological tests that measure general mental ability.

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Mental age

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In intelligence testing, a score that indicates that a child displays the mental ability typical of a child of that chronological (actual) age.

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Mental retardation

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Subnormal general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in everyday living skills originating prior to age 18.

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Motivation

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Goal-directed behavior.

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Normal distribution

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A symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population.

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Percentile score

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A figure that indicates the percentage of people who score below the score one has obtained.

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Personality tests

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Psychological tests that measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes.

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Problem solving

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Active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily available.

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Reaction range

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Genetically determined limits on IQ or other traits.

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1. Reification

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Giving an abstract concept a name and then treating it as though it were a concrete, tangible object.

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1. Reliability

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The measurement consistency of a test (or of other kinds of measurement techniques).

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1. Standard deviation

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An index of the amount of variability in a set of data.

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1. Standardization

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The uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of a test.

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1. Stereotypes

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Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.

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1. Test norms

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Standards that provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on that test.

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1. Validity

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The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.