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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the matrix in cartilage composed of?
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-proteoglycans derived from chondroitin sulfates
-ground substance proteins -collagen |
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Describe cartilage structure.
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-no blood vessels (chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factor)
-Perichondrium surrounds cartilage |
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What are the 3 types of cartilage?
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1. hyaline cartilage
2. elastic cartilage 3. fibrocartilage |
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Describe hyaline cartilage including where it's found.
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-stiff, flexible support
-reduces friction btwn bones -found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea |
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Describe elastic cartilage including where it's found.
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-supportive but bends easy
-found in external ear and epiglottis |
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Describe fibrocartilage including where it's found.
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-limits movement
-prevents bone-to-bone contact -pads knee joints -found btwn pubic bones and intervertebral discs |
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Periosteum?
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covers bone surfaces
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What are canaliculi?
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small channels through bone matrix that give osteocytes access to blood supply
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What are the five primary functions of the skeletal system?
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1. support
2. storage of minerals and lipids 3. blood cell production 4. protection 5. leverage (force of motion) |
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What type of bones are not counted in total bone count?
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sesamoid bones
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Define sutural bones including where they're found.
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small, irregular bones
found btwn the flat bones of skull |
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Define irregular bones including locations.
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-have complex shapes
-spinal, vertebrae, pelvic bones |
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Define short bones and give examples.
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small and thick (as short as it is round).
-ankle and wrist bones |
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Define flat bones and give examples.
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-Thin with parallel surfaces
-found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae |
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Define long bones and give examples.
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long and thin.
-found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes |
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Define sesamoid bones and give examples.
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small and flat
-develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet |
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What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
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the shaft. Heavy wall of compact or dense bone. Has a central space called medullary (marrow) cavity
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What is the epiphysis of a long bone?
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Wide part at each end. Articulation w/ other bones. Mostly spongy (cancellous) bone. covered with compact bone.
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What is the metaphysis of a long bone?
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Where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet
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Within the cranium, the layer of spongy bone between the compact bone is called the...
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...diploe.
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Describe the structure of a flat bone.
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Spongy bone in-between two layers of compact bone
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What is contained in the bone tissue matrix?
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deposits of calcium salts, osteocytes within lacunae organized around blood vessels
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What do canaliculi do?
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Form pathways for blood vessels for osteocytes. Exchange nutrients and wastes
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What covers the outer surface of bone?
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periosteum
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What two molecules react to form hydroxyapatite?
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calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide
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What is the protein that makes up 1/3 of the bone matrix?
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collagen fibers
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What percent of bone mass do the bone cells make up?
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2%
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Osteoprogenitor cells divide to produce what?
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Osteoblasts
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Where are osteoprogenitor cells located?
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endosteum (the inner layer or periosteum)
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Pre-Dentin is to mantle dentin as (blank) is to calcified bone. Also, what lays down (blank)
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Osteoid, which osteoblasts lay down
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T/F. Osteocytes undergo mitotic division
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False
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What are the 2 major functions of osteocytes?
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1. maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
2. help repair damaged bone |
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Osteocytes live in (blank) which are between layers of (blank).
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Lacunae, lamellae (layers of matrix)
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Osteoclasts are derived from stem cells that produce what?
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macrophages
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What's contained in the central canal of bones?
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blood vessels
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Describe the orientation of perforating canals.
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perpendicular to the central canal
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What is the basic unit of bone?
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osteon
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T/F. Spongy bone does not have osteons.
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True
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How is it that spongy bone can get away without having blood vessels?
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The space btwn trabeculae is filled with red bone marrow which has red blood cells
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Periosteum covers all bone parts except...
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...parts enclosed in joint capsules.
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What are perforating fibers made of and what do they connect with?
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collagen fibers. Connect with collagen fibers in bone. Also with fibers of joint capsules: attach tendons and ligaments
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What are the functions of periosteum?
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1. isolate bone from surrounding tissues
2. provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply 3. participates in bone growth and repair |
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Where would one find endosteum?
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-lines medullary cavity
-covers trabeculae of spongy bone -lines central canals |
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What cells does the endosteum contain?
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Osteoblasts/clasts, and osteoprogenitor cells
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If a bone was formed by endochondral ossification what did it start out as?
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hyaline cartilage
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What are the 6 steps of endochondral ossification?
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Fill in later.
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The growth plate is also known as...
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...epiphyseal plate
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What is appositional growth?
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when compact bones thickens and strengthens with layers of circumfrential lamellae
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Does Chris have an epiphyseal line or plate?
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He has an epiphyseal line because he's all grown up
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What is another name for intramembranous ossification?
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dermal ossification because it occurs in the dermis
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What are the 3 steps of intramembranous ossification?
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Fill in later
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What are the 3 sources of blood supply to mature bones and where do you find them?
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1. Nutrient artery and vein. A single pair of large blood vessels. Enter the diaphysis through the nutrient foramen. Femur has more than one pair.
2. Metaphyseal Vessels. Supply the epiphyseal cartilage. Where bone growth occurs. 3. Periosteal vessels. blood to superficial osteons and secondary ossification centers |
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T/F. Calvins periosteum contains networks of lymph vessels and sensory nerves.
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True
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The process of the bone renewing itself is called?
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bone remodeling
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Heavily stressed bone becomes...
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...thicker and stronger.
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What dietary sources do you need for normal bone growth and maintenance?
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dietary source of calcium and phosphate salts. Plus small amounts of magnesium, fluoride, iron, and manganese
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Tell me about calcitriol.
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It's made in kidneys. Helps absorb calcium and phosphates from digestive tract. Synthesis requires vitamin D3
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Why do we need vitamins C, A, K, and B12?
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C - req'd for collagen synthesis and stimulation of osteoblast differentiaion
A - stimulates osteoblast activity K and B12 - help synthesize bone proteins |
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What hormones stimulate bone growth? Stimulate osteoblasts? Regulate calcium and phosphate levels?
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bone growth - growth hormone and thyroxine
Stimulate osteoblasts - estrogens and androgens Ca++ levels - calcitonin and parathyroid |
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What's the most abundant mineral in the body? What is it vital to?
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calcium. membranes, neurons, muscle cells (especially heart)
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Tell me all about PTH.
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produced by parathyroid glands in neck. Increase Ca++ levels by:
-stimulating osteoclasts -increase intestinal absorption of calcium -decrease calcium excretion at kidneys |
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Tell me all about Calcitonin.
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Secreted by C (chief) cells in thyroid>
Decreases calcium levels by: -inhibiting osteoclast activity -increasing calcium excretion at kidneys |
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What are the 4 steps of fracture repair?
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1. bleeding
2. cells of the endosteum and periosteum 3. osteoblasts 4. osteoblasts and osteoclasts remodel the fracture for up to a year |
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What areas are most affected by age-related changes?
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epiphyses, vertebrae, and jaws
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What hormones help maintain bone mass?
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estrogens and androgens
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