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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of skeletal system
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1- Support
2- Storage of minerals (Ca) 3- Storage of lipids (yellow marrow) 4- Blood cell production (red marrow) 5- Protection (of organs/soft tissues) 6- Leverage (force of motion) |
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Characteristics of Osseous tissue
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-Dens matrix (Ca deposits & osteocytes within lacunae)
-Canaliculi (passageways for nutrients/wastes) -Periosteum (covers outer surfaces of bones) |
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Osteoprogenitor cells
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-Mesenchymal stem cells, divide to produce osteoblasts
-Located in endosteum -Assist in fracture repair |
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Osteoblasts
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-Bone building
-Immature bone cells, secrete compounds thru osteogenesis to create osteoid (matrix) |
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Osteocytes
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-Mature bone cells in lacunae
-B/t lamellae of matrix -Do not divide -Help repair damaged bone |
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Osteoclasts
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-Bone recycling
-Giant, multinucleate -Dissolve bone matrix -> osteolysis |
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Compact (dense) bone
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-Osteon is basic unit
*Osteocytes arranged in concentric lamellae around central canals *Perforating canals carry blood vessels into bone & marrow |
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Spongy Bone
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-No osteons
-Matrix forms open network of trabeculae (no blood vessels) -Space b/t trabeculae->RBCs |
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Periostium
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-Covers all bones except in joint
capsules -Outer, fibrous layer, inner, cellular one |
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Endostium
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-incomplete cellular layer
-lines medularry (marrow) cavity -covers trabeculae of spongy bone |
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Bone shape - long, flat, sutural, short, & sesamoid
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long-long & thin (arms, legs)
flat-thin w/ II surfaces (skull, sternum) sutural-small, irregular (skull) short-small & thick (ankle, wrist) sesamoid-small & flat (inside tendons) |
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Bone markings - Depressions/grooves, Projections, Tunnels
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Depressions-along bone surface
Projections-where tendons/ligaments attach Tunnels-where blood & nerves enter bone |
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Endochondoral Ossification + 6 steps
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Def:ossifies bone that originates as
hyalin cartilage 1-Bone starts as cartilage, then die 2-Blood supply develops around perichonrdium 3-Blood supply migrates into dead cavity 4-Bone enlarges & osteoclasts invade 5-Epiphysis begins to calcify 6-Epiphyses fill w/ spongy bone |
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Intramembranous Ossification + 3 steps
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Produces dermal bones
1-Mesenchymal cells aggregate, differentiate into osteoblasts & begin ossification 2-As spicules interconnect, they trap blood vessels w/in bone 3-Over time, bone assumes structure of spongy bone |
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Appositional growth
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-Compact bone thickens & strengthens
long bones w/ layers of circumf. lamellae -Deepest layer recycled |
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Mechanical properties of bone depend on....
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1-Type of loading
2-bone density 3-repetitive loading |
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Functional vs. structural classification
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Functional-based on ROM
Structural-based on anatomical org. of joint |
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Synarthrosis
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Immovable
1-sutures->interlocked bones (skull) 2-Gomphosis->fibrous cnxn (teeth) 3-Synchondrosis 4-Syntosis->fused bones |
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Ampiarthrosis
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Slightly movable
1-Syndesmosis->ligament cnxns 2-Symphysis->fibrous cartilage cnxns |
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Cartilage: characteristics, functions
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-Supports soft tissues, body weight
-Shock absorption/protection -Chontrocytes surrounded by lacunae |
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Components of synovial joints
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1-articular cartilage->pad surfaces,
prevent bone from touching 2-synovial fluid->slippery ->lubrication (reduces friction) ->nutrient distribution ->shock absorption |
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Accessory structures of synovial joints
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-Fibrous cartilage pad->meniscus
(articular disc) -Fat pads-protect cartilage -ligaments-support/strengthen joints -tendons-support joint bursae-pockets of synovial fluid |