A&p Lecture Review Test 2 (Th)

Front 1

Storage of lipids that represent an important energy reserve in bone occurs in areas of

Back 1

red marrow

Front 2

Of the five major functions of the skeleton; the two that depend on the dynamic nature of bone are

Back 2

support and storage of minerals

Front 3

One of the basic histological differences between compact and spongy bone is that in compact bone

Back 3

the basic functional unit is the osteon/Haversian system

Front 4

Compact bone is usually found where

Back 4

stresses arrive from many directions

Front 5

Spongy and cancellous bone, unlike compact bone, resembles a network of bony struts separated by spaces that are normally filled with

Back 5

lacunae

Front 6

Spongy bone is found primarily at the

Back 6

expanded ends of long bones, where they articulate with other skeletal elements (epiphysis)

Front 7

The basic functional unit of compact bones is the ____

Back 7

osteon

Front 8

The expanded region of a long bone consisting of spongy bone is called the ____

Back 8

epiphysis

Front 9

The ossification process first occurs in the

Back 9

diaphysis

Front 10

Identify the correct sequence in the process of endochondral ossification

Back 10

1. chondrocytes enlarge,calcify, and then die

2. inner layer of perichondrium differentiates into osteoblasts

3. osteoblast form spongy bone at a primary center of ossification

4. bone enlarges, osteoclasts break down spongy bone, creating a narrow cavity

5. blood vessels invade epiphyses; osteoblasts form secondary centers of ossification

Front 11

Secondary ossification center occur

Back 11

in the medullary cavity of the diaphysis

Front 12

When sexual hormone production increases, bone growth

Back 12

accelerates rapidly

Front 13

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a

Back 13

calcified model

Front 14

Variations in body size and proportions relative to bone growth between men and women are due to

Back 14

differences in sex hormones

Front 15

The vitamins that play an important role in normal bone growth and maintenance are

Back 15

Ca, P, K, and Fe

Front 16

the process of remodeling in bone involves the

Back 16

removal and replacement of the protein and mineral components of bone

Front 17

During bone renewal, as one osteon forms through the activity of osteoblasts, another is destroyed by

Back 17

osteoclasts

Front 18

An important and essential way to maintain bone strength and bone mass is to

Back 18

avoid stressing the bones during exercise

Front 19

Bones will usually heal after they have been severely damaged so long as the cellular components of the endosteum and periosteum survive and there is a(n)

Back 19

ossification center

Front 20

Two hormones--parathyroid hormone and calcitriol-- work together to

Back 20

elevate calcium levels in body fluids

Front 21

A homeostatic mechanism of the skeleton would be

Back 21

as one osteon forms thfough the activity of osteoblasts, another is destroyed by osteoclasts

Front 22

The nutrient essential for absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the digestive tract is

Back 22

Vitamin D

Front 23

The most abundant mineral in the human body, 99% of which is deposited in the skeleton, is

Back 23

calcium

Front 24

Bones not subjected to ordinary stresses become

Back 24

thin and brittle

Front 25

The hormone calcitonin functions to

Back 25

depress the level of calcium in body fluids

Front 26

As a normal part of the aging process, bones become thinner and relatively weaker, resulting in inadequate ossification called

Back 26

osteopenia

Front 27

The condition that produces a reduction in bone mass great enough to compromise normal function is called

Back 27

osteoporosis

Front 28

In women, bone mass can be maintained at adequate levels to prevent fragility, weakening, and thinning by

Back 28

estrogen therapies; dietary changes that elevate blood calcium levels; exercise that stresses bones and stimulates osteoblast activity

Front 29

The axial skeleton provides an extensive surface area for attachment of muscles that

Back 29

stabilize/position elements of the appendicular skeleton; perform respiratory movements; adjusts the positions of the head, neck, and trunk

Front 30

bones found exclusively in the axial skeleton

Back 30

skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid

Front 31

The axial skeleton creates a framework that supports and protects organ systems in the

Back 31

dorsal and ventral cavities

Front 32

The bones that make up the appendicular division of the skeleton consist of

Back 32

pectoral and pelvic girdles, the upper and lower limbs

Front 33

One of the major functional differences between the appendicular and axial divisions is that the appendicular division

Back 33

makes you an active, mobile individual

Front 34

A composite structure that includes portions of both the appendicular and axial skeleton is the

Back 34

pelvis, pectoral girdle, pelvis girdle

Front 35

The unique compromise of the articulations in the appendicular skeleton is

Back 35

the stronger the joint, the more restricted the range of motion

Front 36

The bones of the skeleton provides and extensive surface area for attachment of

Back 36

muscles

Front 37

The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower

Back 37

limbs

Front 38

The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is the

Back 38

clavicle

Front 39

At birth, the bones of the skull can be distorted without damage because of the

Back 39

fontanels

Front 40

The most significant growth in the skull occurs before age 5, when the

Back 40

brain stops growing and the cranial sutures develop

Front 41

The bones of the cranium that exclusively represent single, unpaired bones are

Back 41

occipital, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid

Front 42

The paired bones of the cranium are the

Back 42

parietal and temporal

Front 43

The associated bones of the skull include the

Back 43

hyoid and auditory ossicles

Front 44

The sutures that articulate the bones of the skull are the

Back 44

lamboid, sagittal, coronal, and squamous

Front 45

Foramina, located on the bones of the skull, serve primarily as passsageways for

Back 45

nerves and blood vessels

Front 46

Areas of the head that are involved in the formation of the skull are called

Back 46

ossification centers

Front 47

The sinuses or internal chambers in the skull are found in the

Back 47

sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

Front 48

The vertebrae that indirectly effect changes in the volume of the rib cage are the

Back 48

thoracic vertebrae

Front 49

The lumbar vertebrae are the

Back 49

most massive and least mobile

Front 50

Identify the sequence of the vertebrae from superior to inferior

Back 50

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Front 51

The atlas and axis are vertebrae identified as

Back 51

C1 and C2

Front 52

Gaps that permit the passage of nerves running to or form the enclosed spinal cord are called

Back 52

intervertebral foramina

Front 53

The vertebral column contains _____ cervical vertebrae, _____ thoracic vertebrae, and _____ lumbar vertebrae

Back 53

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar

Front 54

Cervical vertebrae can usually be distinguished from other vertebrae by the presence of

Back 54

transverse foramina

Front 55

The odontoid process is found in the

Back 55

axis

Front 56

Costal processes are located on the ____ vertebrae

Back 56

thoracic

Front 57

Thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished from other vertebrae by the presence of

Back 57

facets for the articulation of ribs

Front 58

An attachment site for a muscle that closes the anal opening is the primary purpose of the

Back 58

coccyx

Front 59

The vertebra that holds up the head and articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull is the

Back 59

atlas

Front 60

The vertebrae that stabilize relative positions of the brain and spinal cord are the _____ vertebrae

Back 60

cervical

Front 61

The bones of the pectoral girdle include

Back 61

clavicles and scapula

Front 62

The primary function of the pectoral girdle is to

Back 62

position the shoulder joint and provide a base for arm movement

Front 63

The bones of the pelvic girdle include

Back 63

ilium, pubis, ischium

Front 64

The heavy bones and the strong, stable joints of the pelvic girdle

Back 64

bear the weight of the body

Front 65

The primary type of tissue responsible for stabilizing, positioning, and bracing the pectoral girdle are

Back 65

muscles

Front 66

The large process on the scapula that articulates with the distal end of the clavicle is the

Back 66

coracoid process

Front 67

At the glenoid cavity, the scapula articulates with the proximal end of the humerus to form the

Back 67

shoulder joint

Front 68

The parallel bones that support the forearm are the

Back 68

ulna and radius

Front 69

The pubic symphysis is the articulation that

Back 69

limits movement between the two pubic bones

Front 70

The bone that articulates with the coxa at the acetabulum is the

Back 70

femur

Front 71

The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the

Back 71

femur

Front 72

Compared to the pelvis of males, the pelvis of females is

Back 72

broad, light, and smooth

Front 73

The eight carpal bones represent the bones of the

Back 73

wrist

Front 74

The bones of the foot are called the

Back 74

tarsals

Front 75

The anatomical name for the heel bone is the

Back 75

calcaneous

Front 76

The bones of the fingers and toes are collectively referred to as

Back 76

phalanges

Front 77

The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is the

Back 77

clavicle

Front 78

The pelvic girdle consists of six bones referred to as the

Back 78

oscoxae

Front 79

The ulna and radius both have long shafts that contain like processes called _____ processes

Back 79

styloid

Front 80

The process that the tibia and fibula have in common that acts as a shield for the ankle is the

Back 80

maliolysis

Front 81

At the hip joint on either side, the head of the femur articulates with the

Back 81

acetabulum

Front 82

The popliteal ligaments are responsible for reinforcing the back of the

Back 82

patella

Front 83

an enlarged pelvic outlet in the female is an adaption for

Back 83

child birth

Front 84

The bone that cannot resist strong forces but provides the only fixed support for the pectoral girdle is the

Back 84

clavicle

Front 85

The thin lateral bone of the lower leg is the

Back 85

fibula

Front 86

The two types of joints that reflect the type of connective tissue binding them together are

Back 86

fibrous and cartilaginous

Front 87

Sutures, gomphoses, synchondroses, and synarthroses are terms used to identify

Back 87

fibrous joints

Front 88

The freely movable joints typically found at the ends of long bones are called

Back 88

diarthroses or synovial joints

Front 89

The joint that permits greatest range of motion of any joint in the body is the

Back 89

glenohumeral / shoulder

Front 90

The joint that is correctly matched with the type of joint indicated is

Back 90

knee -- synovial

Front 91

The synovial fluid that fills a cavity

Back 91

nourishes the chondrocytes, provides lubrication, acts as a shock absorber

Front 92

The primary function(s) of menisci in synovial joints is(are) to

Back 92

subdivide a synovial cavity; channel flow of synovial fluid; and allow for variations in the shapes of articular surfaces

Front 93

A synathrotic joint found only between the bones of the skull is a

Back 93

suture

Front 94

A totally rigid immovable joint resulting from fusion of bones is a

Back 94

sysnostosis

Front 95

The amphiarthrotic joint where bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage is a

Back 95

symphysis

Front 96

Diarthrotic joints permit a wide range of motion are called _____ joints

Back 96

synovial

Front 97

The extremely stable synovial joint that is almost completely enclosed in a bony socket is the ____ joint

Back 97

hip

Front 98

The joint that resembles three separate joints with no single unified capsule or common synovial cavity is the _____ joint

Back 98

knee

Front 99

The radial collateral, annular, and ulnar collateral ligaments provide stability for the ____ joint

Back 99

elbow

Front 100

Flexion is movement in the anterior-posterior plane that

Back 100

reduces the angle between the articulating elements

Front 101

The movement that allows you to gaze at the ceiling is

Back 101

hyperextension

Front 102

Movements of the vertebral column are limited to

Back 102

flexion and extension

Front 103

The opposing movement of pronation, in which the palm is turned forward, is called

Back 103

supination

Front 104

A movement toward the midline of the body is called

Back 104

adduction

Front 105

The movement of the thumb that allows for grasping is

Back 105

opposition

Front 106

Twiddling your thumbs during a lecture demonstrates the action that occurs at a

Back 106

saddle joint

Front 107

Contraction of the biceps brachii muscle produces

Back 107

supination of the forearm and flexion of the elbow

Front 108

Movements such as dorsiflexion and plantar flexion involve moving the

Back 108

foot

Front 109

To do a lateral split, the initial movement of the legs is

Back 109

abduction

Front 110

The elbow joint is quite stable because

Back 110

the bony surfaces of the humerus and the ulna lock

Front 111

In the hip joint, the arrangement that keeps the head of the femur from moving away from the acetabulum is the

Back 111

articular capsule enclosing the femoral head and neck

Front 112

The knee joint functions as a ____ joint

Back 112

hinge

Front 113

The reason the points of contact in the knee are constantly changing is

Back 113

the rounded femoral condyles roll across the top of the tibia

Front 114

The special movement of the thumb that enables it to grasp and hold a object is

Back 114

opposition

Front 115

The function(s) of the intervertebral disc is/are to

Back 115

act as shock absorbers; prevent bone-to-bone contact; allow for flexion and rotation of the vertebral column