A&p Lecture Test 2

Front 1

There are only four primary tissue types found in adult organs.

Back 1

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular tissue.

Front 2

tissue lines body cavities, covers the body surface, and forms the lining of many organs.

Back 2

Epithelial

Front 3

tissue serves in most cases to bind organs to each other.

Back 3

Connective

Front 4

consists of a single layer of cells with every cell touching the basement membrane.

Back 4

simple epithelium

Front 5

consists of 2 or more layers of cells with only the deepest layer of cells touching the basement membrane.

Back 5

stratified epithelium

Front 6

The cells of an epithelium can be

Back 6

squamous (flat), columnar (tall and narrow), or cuboidal (round or cubed).

Front 7

are unicellular glands that produce the protective mucous coatings which cover the mucous membranes. They are usually found scattered throughout a simple columnar epithelium.

Back 7

Goblet cells

Front 8

is a supportive connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix.

Back 8

Cartilage

Front 9

Differences in the fibers provide a basis for classifying cartilage into three types:

Back 9

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.

Front 10

cartilage makes up the tip of our nose

Back 10

Hyaline

Front 11

cartilage is what gives the shape to our external ear

Back 11

Elastic

Front 12

is found in the intervertebral discs

Back 12

Fibrocartilage

Front 13

is named for two properties; the collagen fibers are closely packed and leave relatively little open space, and the fibers are parallel to each other

Back 13

Dense regular connective tissue

Front 14

Collagenous fibers are very abundant in

Back 14

tendons and ligaments

Front 15

Tendons and ligaments get their toughness, flexibility, and glistening white appearance from

Back 15

collagen fibers

Front 16

Muscular and nervous tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential, thus they are called

Back 16

excitable tissues

Front 17

Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types,

Back 17

neurons and neuroglia (glial cells)

Front 18

Skeletal muscle is

Back 18

striated and voluntary

Front 19

Cardiac muscle is

Back 19

striated and involuntary

Front 20

Smooth muscle is

Back 20

nonstriated and involuntary

Front 21

The three types of intercellular junctions are

Back 21

tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap (communicating) junctions

Front 22

In the intestine, tight junctions ensure that most nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them. The basal cells of an epithelium are linked to the underlying basement membrane by

Back 22

hemidesmosomes

Front 23

Endocrine glands secrete hormones

Back 23

into the blood

Front 24

Exocrine glands secrete their product by way of a

Back 24

duct that either opens onto a body surface or into a body cavity

Front 25

Merocrine glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion by

Back 25

exocytosis

Front 26

Holocrine glands accumulate a product and then the entire cell

Back 26

disintegrates, so the secretion is a mixture of cell fragments and the substance the cell had synthesized prior to its disintegration

Front 27

______ glands accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates.

Back 27

holocrine glands

Front 28

Simple glands have a

Back 28

single unbranched duct

Front 29

Compound glands have

Back 29

branched ducts

Front 30

If the duct and secretory portion are of uniform diameter the gland is called

Back 30

tubular

Front 31

If the secretory cells form a dilated sac, the gland is called

Back 31

acinar and the sac is an acinus

Front 32

A gland with secretory cells in both the tubular and acinar portions is called a

Back 32

tubuloacinar gland

Front 33

line passageways that open to the exterior environment.

Back 33

Mucous membranes (mucosa)

Front 34

line the inside of some body cavities and form a smooth outer surface on some of the viscera.

Back 34

Serous membranes (serosa)

Front 35

The largest membrane of the body is the

Back 35

cutaneous membrane, or more simply, the skin.

Front 36

Tissue growth through cell multiplication is called

Back 36

hyperplasia

Front 37

Most embryonic and childhood growth occurs by

Back 37

hyperplasia

Front 38

Tissue growth through the enlargement of preexisting cells is called

Back 38

hypertrophy

Front 39

The accumulation of body fat and the enlargement of skeletal muscles is a result of

Back 39

hypertrophy

Front 40

A change from one type of mature tissue to another is called

Back 40

metaplasia

Front 41

are phagocytic cells. In the healing of a wound _________ phagocytize and digest tissue debris

Back 41

Macrophages

Front 42

or programmed cell death, is the normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way. The shrinking of the breasts after lactation ceases is a result of

Back 42

Apoptosis

Front 43

is the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before

Back 43

Regeneration

Front 44

restores normal function to the organ

Back 44

Regeneration

Front 45

is the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen

Back 45

Fibrosis

Front 46

Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together but it DOES NOT

Back 46

restore normal function

Front 47

The healing of muscle injuries is by

Back 47

fibrosis

Front 48

Adult stem cells are classified as either

Back 48

multipotent or unipotent

Front 49

Multipotent stem cells are able to develop into two or more different cell lines, but not just any type of body cell. Unipotent stem cells can produce only one mature cell type. Unipotent stem cells have the most limited

Back 49

developmental plasticity

Front 50

is composed of five types of cells

Back 50

The epidermis. They are stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile (Merkel) cells, and dendritic (Langerhans) cells.

Front 51

consists of up to 30 layers of dead cells

Back 51

stratum corneum

Front 52

The dendritic (Langerhans) cells are

Back 52

macrophages

Front 53

macrophages are found in the

Back 53

stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum

Front 54

They stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens

Back 54

stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum

Front 55

Mechanical stress from manual labor or tight shoes accelerates

Back 55

keratinocyte

Front 56

keratinocyte multiplication results in

Back 56

calluses or corns

Front 57

The skin sometimes exhibits abnormal colors of diagnostic value.

Back 57

Cyanosis is blueness of the skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood

Front 58

is abnormal redness of the skin caused by increased blood flow in the dilated cutaneous blood vessels

Back 58

Erythema

Front 59

is a pale or ashen color that occurs when there is so little blood flow through the skin that the white color of the dermal collagen shows through

Back 59

Pallor

Front 60

is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from high levels bilirubin in the blood. Premature infants sometimes develop _________because their liver is not well enough developed to dispose of bilirubin efficiently.

Back 60

Jaundice

Front 61

Ethnic differences in skin color are primarily caused by differences in the

Back 61

quantity of melanin produced, NOT the number of melanocytes

Front 62

Over the course of our lives we grow three kinds of hair:

Back 62

lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair

Front 63

The hair present prenatally is

Back 63

lanugo

Front 64

most of which is replaced by

Back 64

vellus by the time of birth

Front 65

is longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented. It forms the eyebrows and eyelashes and covers the scalp. After puberty it forms the axillary and pubic hair, the male facial hair, and some of the hair on the trunk and limbs

Back 65

Terminal hair

Front 66

Variations in hair color arise from the relative amounts of

Back 66

eumelanin and pheomelanin

Front 67

The oil of our scalp is secreted by

Back 67

sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles

Front 68

glands produce watery perspiration that serves primarily to cool the body. This perspiration has a pH ranging from 4 to 6

Back 68

Merocrine (eccrine) This slight acidity contributes to the acid mantle

Hint 68

acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth on the skin

Front 69

are the sweat glands that act as ‘scent’ glands.

Back 69

Apocrine glands

Front 70

The stratum _______ and _______ of the epidermis are most susceptible to skin cancer because the cells in these two layers are still able to undergo mitosis

Back 70

stratum basale and stratum spinosum

Front 71

is the most common type of skin cancer, but it is also the least dangerous because it seldom metastasizes

Back 71

Basal cell carcinoma

Front 72

is the least common but most deadly type of skin cancer

Back 72

Malignant melanoma

Front 73

burns involve only the epidermis

Back 73

First-degree

Front 74

burns involve the epidermis and only part of the dermis

Back 74

Second-degree

Front 75

burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissues (muscle and bone).

Back 75

Third-degree

Front 76

The two most urgent considerations in treating a burn patient are

Back 76

fluid replacement and infection control

Front 77

If you look closely at your hand and wrist, you will see delicate furrows that divide the skin into tiny rectangular or rhomboidal areas. These furrows are caused by

Back 77

epidermal ridges

Front 78

produce the raised areas between the furrows

Back 78

dermal papillae

Front 79

Stretching of the skin in obesity and pregnancy can tear collagen fibers in the

Back 79

reticular layer of the dermis and produce stretch marks

Front 80

Unspecialized tissues of the embryo develop into more diverse and specialized types of mature tissue. This development of a more specialized form and function is called

Back 80

differentiation

Front 81

occurs when immobilized persons, such as those confined to a hospital bed or wheelchair, are unable to move, and continual pressure on the skin cuts off blood flow to an area.

Back 81

A decubitus ulcer (bed sore)