A&p Lecture Exam 3

Front 1

C nucleotide matches to ______

Back 1

G nucleotide matches to____

Front 2

A nucleotide matches to ________

Back 2

T nucleotide matches to ____

Front 3

Transcription

Back 3

Making copies of DNA with mRNA

Front 4

Translation

Back 4

• Making chains of amino acids with mRNA
  
• Takes place in the cytoplasm

Front 5

Promoter sites

Back 5

RNA polymerase binds to this for transcription

Front 6

Ribosome purpose

Back 6

Site for translation between AA and mRNA

Front 7

Purpose of the kidneys

Back 7

1. Control concentration of the blood
2. Excretion of nitrogenous waste
3. Regulation of ion/nutrient concentration
4. Blood pressure regulation
5. Erythropoetien regulation
6. Separates urine from venous blood

Front 8

Kidney stone

Back 8

• Crystals precipitate in the calyxes of the kidney
  
• Typical of dehydration

Front 9

Sphincters of the bladder

Back 9

1 in the bladder: involuntary

2nd at pelivoabdominal wall: voluntary

Front 10

Glomerulus

Back 10

• Ball of capillaries
• Fenestrated capillaries (large gaps between cells for more filtration)

Front 11

Afferent vs efferent arteriole in the nephron

Back 11

• Afferent is larger
• Efferent is smaller, which creates more pressure

Front 12

Bowman's Capsule

Back 12

• Encloses glomerulus
• captures the filtrate and sends it to the proximal convoluted tubule

Front 13

Proximal convoluted tubule

Back 13

• Reabsorbs Na
• Surrounded by the peritubular capillaries
• lined with microvilli

Front 14

Descending Loop of Henle

Back 14

• Permeable to water
  
• water is drawn out as the fluid descends

Front 15

Ascending Loop of Henle

Back 15

• Permeable to Na

Front 16

Distal convoluted tubule

Back 16

• secretion of nitrogenous waste, H+, K
• last chance to get out waste

Front 17

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Back 17

• in the DCT
• makes and secrets Renin

Front 18

Macula Densa Cells

Back 18

• Columnar epithelium thickening of DCT
  
• Monitors the NaCl concentration

Front 19

Primary sexual characteristics

Back 19

• Testes
• Ovaries
• Gametes

Front 20

Spermatogenesis

Back 20

• Process of making spermatogonia from sperm

Front 21

Spermiogenesis

Back 21

Developing the nucleus after secondary spermatocyte fully develops

Front 22

Phases of the menstrual cycle

Back 22

1. Follicular Phase
2. Luteal phase

Front 23

Follicule Stimulating Hormone

Back 23

• Low levels: stimulate about 12 follicles to grow until one becomes dominate
• Small spike triggers the dominate, now secondary Oocyte to be released

Front 24

Luteinizing Hormone

Back 24

• Low levels: in small part stimulates the follicles to grow
• A large spike triggers the release of the secondary oocyte

Front 25

Estrogen

Back 25

• Secreted by the growing follicles
• In low levels, acts as a negative feedback for FSH
• High levels triggers the LH spike for ovulation
• Stimulates endometrium growth
• Stimulates muscles and bone growth

Front 26

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

Back 26

Released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH

(GnRH)

Front 27

Corpus Luteum

Back 27

• Empty follicle that produces progesterone
• Is nourished by HCG
• Will die without HCG
• Once dead, endometrium will shed

Front 28

Progesterone

Back 28

• Produced by the corpus luteum
• Maintains the Endometrium

Front 29

Inhibin

Back 29

• Inhibits FSH
• Produced by the corpus luteum

Front 30

Nonspecific (innate) Immune Defenses

Back 30

• General Barriers
• Phagocytosis
• Immunological Surveillance
• Inflammation
• Fever

Front 31

Parts of the Phagocytosis Immune defense

Back 31

• Macrophage
• Monocyte
• Neutrophils
• Tissue specific phagocytes

Front 32

NK cells

Back 32

Inject perforin into cells, causing the break down of plasma membrane/cell wall

Front 33

Fever

Back 33

• Monocytes/Macrophages release pyrogen
  
• Pyrogen triggers the hypothalamus to raise body temp
• Increased body temp triggers spleen to increase uptake of materials needed for bacteria, effectively starving the bacteria

Front 34

Interferons

Back 34

• Small proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages, and by tissue cells infected by viruses
• Triggers cells to produce antivirals with the cell walls to inhibit the virus from replicating
• Also stimulate macrophages and NK cells

Front 35

Complement

Back 35

• Goes thru the pores in bacteria
• Causes cytosol to be excreted by bacteria, killing the cell
• increases inflammation
• stimulates antibodies

Front 36

Antibody Mediated Defenses

Back 36

• Active
• Passive

Front 37

IgM

Back 37

Marks/identifies blood cells

Front 38

IgA

Back 38

Coats epithelium in mucosal surfaces

Front 39

IgD

Back 39

Surface of B Cells

Front 40

IgG

Back 40

• Most common
  
• Acts against viruses/bacteria

Front 41

IgE

Back 41

• Allergic response
  
• Release of histamines

Front 42

Mechanism of action for antibodies

Back 42

• Neutralizes the particle by binding to it
  
• Attracts phagocytes
• Inflammation

Front 43

B Cells

Back 43

• Develop in the bone bursa
  
• Secretes specific antibodies

Front 44

Sensitization of B cells

Back 44

• Antigens are endocytosed into the cell and bound to Class II MHC proteins
  
• Becomes activated when helper T cell activates it by binding to the MHC complex
• helper T cell secretes cytokines to increase B cells, plasma cell formation, and antibody production

Front 45

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Back 45

• Class I: in membranes of a nucleated cells, take small peptides from the cytoplasm to the surface for T cell analysis
• Class II: only in the membranes of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes, also activates T cells

Front 46

CD8 T cells

Back 46

Cytotoxic T cells that respond to Class I MHC presenting cells

Front 47

CD4 T cells

Back 47

Helper T cells that respond to Class II MHC presenting cells