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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define metabolism
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All chemical events within organism or cell
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Define catabolism
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Breakdown of organic substrates in the body
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Define anabolism
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Synthesis of new organic molecules
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Define metabolic turnover
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- Cells continuously replacing organic components (except DNA)
- Use organic substances from cellular catabolic reactions and absorbed from interstitial fluid = Nutrient pool |
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Steps of glycolosis
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1 - glucose molecule enters cytosol
2 - 6 carbon glucose chain splits into two 3 carbon molecules 3 - phosphate attaches and two NADH generated from NAD 4 - 2 water released 5 - 2 pyruvate enter mitochondria |
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Steps required to begin glycolosis
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In most tissues, the transport of glucose into the cell is dependent on the presence of a carrier protein stimulated by insulin.
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Where does glycolosis occur?
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In the cytosol of the cell
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Glycolosis: bi-products and outputs
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bi-products: 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 H20 released
end result: 2 pyruvate |
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Steps of the citric acid cycle
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1 - begins with a two carbon molecule (acetate) binds with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA (citric acid)
2 - hydrogen ions and CO2 are removed from organic molecules 3 - hydrogen transferred to 2 coenzymes (FAD and NAD) to be used in the electron transport system (ETS) |
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Products produced in the citric acid cycle
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34 ATP
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What type of reaction is glycolosis
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anaerobic
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What type of reaction is the citric acid cycle
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aerobic
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Electron transport system (ETS)
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- a.k.a oxidative phosphorylation
- transfer of electrons, attachment of phosphate to ADP producing ATP - requires coenzymes, consumes oxygen, generates ATP - Produces ~95% of ATP used by body cells |
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Electron transport system (ETS) steps
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- Coenzymes (NAD and FAD) release hydrogen ion into inner mitochondrial matrix and give electron to ETS
- Cytochromes pass electrons to other cytochrome proteins - energy is released and used to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space - Electrons ultimately transferred to oxygen, which forms water - H+ diffusion back into matrix powers ATP production by enzyme ATP synthase |
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Glycolosis vs. Citric Acid Cycle ATP production
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34 ATP from citric acid cycle +2 from glycolosis = 36
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Nutrient Pool
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Nutrient pool supplies molecules for catabolism, anabolism, and to fuel ATP production
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Nutrient pool substrates
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- When nutrients absorbed from digestive tract are insufficient for cellular metabolism, energy reserves come from various cells:
- Liver cells store triglycerides and glycogen (Fatty acids and glucose can be released) - Adipocytes store triglycerides (Fatty acids can be released) - Skeletal muscle cells store glycogen (Amino acids can be released) |
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Define glycogenesis
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glycogen is synthesized from glucose
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Define glycogenolysis
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the release of glucose from glycogen (glycogen catabolism)
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Define gluconeogenesis
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glucose synthesis from smaller carbon chains (smaller carbon chains anabolism)
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Why is glucose the primary energy source in the body?
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Confirm which ones
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High density lipoproteins
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- High-density lipoproteins (HDL) (plasma proteins from liver) absorb peripheral cholesterol and return to liver
- Cholesterol released again with LDLs or excreted in bile |
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Low density lipoproteins
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- Released from liver attached to low-density lipoproteins (LDL) for distribution to peripheral tissues
- LDLs absorbed and broken down by lysosomes in cells - Cholesterol extracted and used - Unused cholesterol released into bloodstream |
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Define lipolysis
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confirm important info
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Define lipogenesis
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confirm important info
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Amino acid metabolism
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confirm important info
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Define fat soluble vitamins
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confirm important info
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Define water soluble vitamins
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confirm important info
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