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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Blood is a type of _____________ tissue whose cells are suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix. |
connective |
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Blood volume is typically ________ of body weight. |
8% |
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________ or __________ are not complete cells. They arise from very large cells in the red bone marrow called ________________. |
platelets or thrombocytes megakaryocytes |
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What is the composition of a centrifuged blood sample? |
*RBC (bottom) 45% *"Buffy coat" (WBC & platelets) less than 1% *plasma (top) 55% |
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Most blood samples are about 45% RBC by volume. This percentage is called the ____________, or packed cell volume (PCV) |
hematocrit (HCT) |
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Prolonged oxygen deficiency (____________) causes cyanosis, in which the skin and mucous membranes appear bluish due to an abnormlly high blood concentration of deoxyhemoglobin. |
hypoxia |
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What is composition of WBC? |
*neutrophils (54-62%) *lymphocytes (25-33%) *monocytes (3-9%) *eosinophils (1-3%) *basophils (<1%) Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas |
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The term _____ _______ _________ is used to describe this osmotic effect due to the plasma proteins. |
colloid osmotic pressure |
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What makes up the formed elements? What is the composition of each? |
RBC & buffy coat *4.8% platelets *95.1% RBC *0.1% WBC |
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What makes up the plasma? What is composition of each! 8do |
*92% water *7% proteins *electrolytes *wastes *nutrients, vitamins, hormones *gases (O2, N2, CO2) |
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What are the universal precautions? |
*developed in the wake of the AIDS epidemic (1988) *specific measures that healthcare workers should take to prevent transmission of bloodborne infectious agents in the workplace. Hep B and HIV were singled out. *use protective equipment, etc |
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What is hematopoises and where does it occur |
formation of blood cells *originates in red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells, also know as hemocytoblasts |
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What is hemoglobin? |
*red, oxygen-carrying pigment in RBCs *each RBC is 1/3 hemoglobin by volume *made of iron containing heme & a protein called globin |
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When hemoglobin combines with oxygen, the resulting ______________ is bright red. When the oxygen is released, the resulting ___________ is darker. |
*oxyhemoglobin
*deoxyhemoglobin (may appear bluish when viewed through blood vessel walls) |
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What determines blood volume? |
*body size, changes in fluid & electrolyte concentration, & amount of adipose tissue *typically 8% of body weight (5 L for average adult) |
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Characteristics of RBCs (erythrocytes) |
*tiny, 7.5 micrometers in diameter *biconcave discs (shape increases SA) *cell consists of membrane, water, electrolytes & enzymes *no nucleus |
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*Which white blood cells are granulocytes? *Which are agranulocytes? |
*granulocytes: eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil *agranulocytes: monocyte (macrophage) & lymphocytes (T and B) |
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What is the normal range of WBC count? |
3,500 to 10,500 WBC/ mcL of blood * doesn't vary according to sex |
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Why is Vitamin B12 important? |
Vitamin B12 (requires intrinsic factor for absorption via small intestine) needed for DNA synthesis |
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What happenbs when you have an inability to absorb vitamin B12 (lack of intrinsic factor)? |
pernicious anemia *causes excess of large, fragile cells |
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In _____ _____ ________, a single DNA base mutation changes one amino acid in the protein part of hemoglobin, causing the molecule to attach within itself at many more points. The abnormal hemoglobin makes the RBCs sticky and likely to deform into sickle shapes as they move through the bloodstream. |
sickle cell anemia *lose ability to carry O2 |
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What drug is used to activate production of a form of hemoglobin that more effectively binds oxygen, normally produced only in the fetus to restore sickle cells to their normal shape? |
hydroxyurea |
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Hematopoietic stem cells (not fully programmed yet) form myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells. What cells come from these lineages? |
*Myeloid: erythrocyte, thrombocytes, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil, monocyte
*Lymphoid: lymphocyte |
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What is the formation of blood cells called? |
hematopoiesis |
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What are the RBC ranges? |
*males: 4,700,000 to 6,100,000/mcL *females: 4,200,000 to 5,400,000/mcL *children: 4,500,000 to 5,100,000/mcL |
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What is an excessive increase in RBCs called? |
polycythemia *slows blood flow by increasing blood viscosity |
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What causes the kidneys, and to a lesser degree the liver to release erythropoietin? |
low blood oxygen *EPO stimulates target cells in the red bone marrow to increase the production of RBCs |
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________ increases absorption of iron in the digestive tract. Drinking orange juice with a meal is a good way to boost iron absorption. Drinking tea with a meal decreases iron absorption. |
Vitamin C |
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What does the hemoglobin molecule bind with? |
4 oxygen molecules |
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Explain life cycle of RBC |
*RBC formed in red bone marrow after receiving nutrients from blood *circulate in bloodstream for about 120 days *macrophages phagocytize & break down RBC in spleen & liver *Hepatoyctes break down hemoglobin. *Iron recycled via bloodstream & biliverdin & bilirubin secreted in bile *globin broken down into amino acids or released into plasma |
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What do high neutrophil levels (80%) indicate? *normally 54-62% of WBCs |
bacterial infections Neutrophils: phagocytize small particles |
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What do elevated eosinophil levels indicate? |
*parasites (tapeworm or hookworm) *allergic reactions |
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What do elevated lymphocyte levels indicate? |
possibly a virus Lymphocytes: *smallest WBC (slightly larger than RBC) *may live for years *provide immunity |
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What do basophils release? |
*histamine to stimulate inflammation (needed to repair) *heparin to stop blood from clotting |
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Which WBCs are the largest? |
monocytes (bean shaped nucleus) *leave bloodstream to become macrophages |
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*What type of cells produce antibodies? *What type of cells directly attack microorganisms, tumor cells, and transplanted cells? |
*B cells (antibodies) *T cells (immunity) |
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WBCs can squeeze between cells of capillary wall & leave blood vessels entering the tissue space outside the blood vessel. What is this called? |
diapedesis *WBCs use this to migrate to toward infection site |
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Which WBCs are most active phagocytes? *phagocytosis is engulfing & digesting pathogens |
neutrophils & monocytes |
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What is leukocytosis? |
high WBC > 10,500/mcL * caused by acute infection, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids |
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What is leukopenia? |
low WBC < 3,500/mcL *caused by some viral infections |
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What do too few helper T cells (lymphocytes) indicate? |
AIDS |
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What do elevated monocytes indicate? |
typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis *phagocytize large particles |
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What are types of Leukemia? Symptoms are increased WBCs, fatigue, decreased RBCs, headaches, nosebleeds, fever, respiratory infection, bone pain, bruising, cell clotting |
*Lymphoid Leukemia: cancer of lymphocytes produced in lymph nodes *Myeloid Leukemia: cancer of granulocytes produced in red bone marrow |
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What are 2 functions of *platelets? *15x as big as RBCs |
*help stop bleeding by sticking to broken surfaces in damaged blood vessels *release serotonin which causes smooth muscles in walls of broken blood vessels to contract |
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What colors do granulocytes' granules appear when stained? |
* neutrophils have light purple granules *eosinophil has red granules *basophil has deep blue granules |
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What happens to hemoglobin when cells die? Hemoglobin molecules break down into their 4 component polypeptide "globin" chains, each surrounding a heme group. |
*The polypeptide globin chains break down into amino acids. The individual amino acids are metabolized by the macrophages or released into the blood. *The heme decomposes into iron and a greenish pigment called biliverdin. Biliverdin is converted into bilirubin. They are secreted in the bile as bile pigments. |
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*What causes iron-deficiency anemia? |
dietary lack of iron *defect: hemoglobin deficient |
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What causes hemolytic anemia? |
toxic chemicals *defect: RBCs destroyed |
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What causes aplastic anemia? |
toxic chemcials, radiation *defect: damaged bone marrow |
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What causes thalassemia? |
defective gene *defect: hemoglobin deficient; RBCs short-lived |
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Puss is made of what 3 things? |
*good guys: WBCs fighting infection *bad guys: pathogens, bacteria, foreign bodies *innocent bystanders: damaged cells in body that die because of bad guys |
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What are plasma proteins? |
albumins, globulin (alpha, beta & gamma), fibrinogen |
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What is function of albumins? |
help maintain colloid osmotic pressure |
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What constitute the antibodies of immunity? |
gamma globulins (produced by lymphatic system and involved in immunity) |
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What is plasma made of? |
92% water and a complex mixture of organic and inorganic biochemicals, including amino acids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and a great variety of lipids |
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The plasma contains nonprotein nitrogenous substances. Urea (1/2 of NPNs) and uric acid are products of protein & nucleic acid catabolsim, respecitvely, and creatinine results from the metabolsim of creatine. |
Because half of the NPN substances is urea, which thekidneys ordinarily excrete, a rise in the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) may suggest a kidney disorder. |
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What are two markers of kidney function? |
Creatinine & BUN *they are waste products that must be filtered from blood for removal. *elevated levels show kidney impairment |
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What electrolytes are dissolved in plasma? |
Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3, PO4, and SO4 |
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What is hemostasis? |
stoppage of bleeding |
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What are 3 things that help with hemostasis? |
*blood vessel spasm (platelets release seratonin to constrict broken blood vessel) *platelet plug formation (platelets become sticky when exposed to collagen fibers & stick to blood vessel walls) *blood coagulation (fibrinogen involved) |
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What starts the extrinsic clotting mechanism? |
thromboplastin (Factor III) released from damaged tissue or vessel |
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What controls clotting in both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms? |
positive feedback (not a normal mechanism) * can only operate for a short time because it is unstable |
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What is the most imporatnt part of clotting mechanism (the same for intrinsic and extrinsic clotting)? |
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin in the presence of calcium and thrombin |
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What starts the intrinsic clotting mechanism? |
blood contacts foreign surface and activates Hageman factor (factor XII) |
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Which clotting factors require Vitamin K? |
*II (prothrombin), VII (serum prothrombin conversion accelerator), IX (plasma thromboplastin component), X (Stuart-Prower factor) *synthesized in the liver |
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What is the difference between plasma & serum? |
serum is what you are left with once you utilized clotting factors (plasma without clotting factors & fibrinogen) |
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What inhibits adherence of platelets to blood vessel wall? |
prostacyclin
*mechanism of Aspirin |
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What molecule evokes an immune response? |
antigen |
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What proteins react against a specific antigen? |
antibodies |
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There are ________ (how many) blood antigens. They attach to surface of RBC and dissolve in plamsa. |
33 |
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Blood Type A has which antigen and antibody? What about B, AB and O? |
*Type A has A antigen & anti-B antibody *Type B has B antigen & anti-A antibody *Type AB has A&B antigens & no anti-A or anti-B *Type O has Neither A or B & Both anti-A & anti-B |
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What is universal donor? |
type O (no antigens so antibodies can't attack) *It is preferred to get own blood type |
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What is universal recipient? |
type AB (no antibodies) |
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Agglutination causes ____________. |
clumping *no clumping seen = successful blood match |
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If you add anti-A antibody and there is no clumping what does that mean? |
antigen B is present |
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What is a normal platelet count? |
150,000 to 350,000 platelets/mcL |
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What is function of fibrinogen? |
plays a key role in blood coagulation |
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Where are antibodies dissolved |
in the plasma |
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What is function of alpha and beta globulins? |
transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins |
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If the concentration of the plasma proteins falls, tissues swell, a condition called __________. Low plasma protein may result from starvation or a protein-deficient diet or from an impaired liver that cannot synthesize plasma proteins. |
edema *As concentration of plasma proteins drops, so does colloid osmotic pressure, allowing water to leave the blood vessels to accumulate in interstitial spaces |
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What is answer to #32 |
C |
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______________ occurs when the platelet count drops below 150,000 platelets/mcL of blood. Symptoms include bleeding easilty; capillary hemorrhages; small, bruiselike spots on skin called petechiae. |
Thrombocytopenia *common side effect of cancer chemo & radiation *complication of pregnancy, bone marrow transplant, infectious disease, leukemia, cardiac surgery or anemia |
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What are petechia? |
small, bruiselike spots on the skin (symptom of thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) |
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What antigens does someone with AB+ blood have? |
A, B and Rh |
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Which WBCs are bi-lobed? |
basophil |
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What is erythroblastosis fatalis? |
Rh incompatibility. the mother's body may manufacture antibodies that attack future Rh-positive offspring. also known as hemolytic disease of newborn (accumulation of bilirubin; brain damage) mother receives RhoGAM at week 28 and after delivery |
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What risk factors lead to deep vein thrombosis? |
*prolonged periods of immobility on flights *dehydration *prolonged immobility due to surgery *hormone replacement therapy *surgery *cancer |
