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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 major heart groups in higher animals |
Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals |
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Who is in the exothermic category |
fish amphibians reptiles |
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Who is in the endothermic category |
birds mammals |
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characteristics of a fish |
*exothermic animal *called "single heart" only has 2 chambers *heart only has 1 atrium and 1 ventricle *pump both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through both chambers (insufficent because of the mixing)
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characteristics of an amphibian |
*exothermic *3 chambered heart "Incomplete Double Circulation" (right and left atrium & 1 ventricle) *some mixing of blood but it's a little more efficient |
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characterisitcs of an reptile |
*exothermic *3 chambered heart "Incomplete Double Circulation" (right and left atrium & 1 ventricle) *some mixing of blood but it's a little more efficient |
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characteristics of birds and mammals (man) |
*endothermic *4 chambers "Complete Double Circulation" *right and left atriums & right and left ventricles *alot of energy to warm the blood to make it more efficient *keeps a constant body temperature |
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What reptile is the only reptile that has a 4 chambered heart and why |
crocodiles they use alot of energy need more warm blood |
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The right side of the heart carries what type of blood |
oxygen poor blood always |
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What type of blood does the left side of the heart carry |
oxygen rich blood always |
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If there is a hole in the septum what can happen |
it can cause the blood to mix |
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Why is the surface of the heart shiny |
due to the viscereal pericardium contains collagenous fiber that is clear makes the heart shiny |
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What are the layers of the pericardial sac outermost to innermost |
fibrous pericardium-outermost parietal pericardium-middle viscereal pericardium-innermost |
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The heart is divided by what |
the septum |
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What are the chambers of the heart called |
right side: right atrium- (RA) at the top right ventricle- (RV) at the bottom
left side: left atrium- (LA) at the top left ventricle- (LV) at the bottom
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How can pericarditis occur and what is used to treat it |
*bacteria in the pericardial cavity (antibiotics)
*the older you get the less fluid you have in the pericardial cavity and it can cause friction & inflammation between the parietal & visceral pericardium |
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What is the right side of the heart also called |
has O2 poor blood and called "low pressure side" |
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What is the left side of the heart also called |
has O2 rich blood and called "high pressure side" |
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What is the valve called between the RA & RV |
tricuspid valve |
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What is the valve between the LA & LV called |
bicuspid valve |
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What is the ultimate cause of heart problems |
high blood pressure (HTN) |
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What is a murmur caused by |
*a leaky valve; the valve doesn't close all the way * a birth defect valve not perfectly formed (right side * shape is changed due to high blood pressure- valvular stenosis (HTN on the left side) |
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What is the size of an adult heart |
the size of a closed fist |
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Characteristics of the heart |
*strongest pressure is on the left side of the heart *It is considered a visceral organ *it's covered by visceral fat for protection *heart wall has 3 layers outer to inner: - fibrous pericardium - pareital pericardium - visceral pericardium *pericardial fluid inside the pericardial cavity
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Characteristics of fibrous pericardium
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Outermost layer |
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What causes valves to open and close
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Pressure changes
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Characteristics of papillary muscles
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*Smooth muscles that are |
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Characteristics of chordae tendineae
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*Cords that run from the |
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Characteristics of the skeleton of the heart
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*Extra dense c.t. |
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What's the location of the 2 semi-lunar valves
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*Pulmonary semilunar valve-
between RV & pulmonary trunk *Aortic semilunar valve- between the aorta and the LV |
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What are examples of problems with valves
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*Prolapsed valve |
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PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART
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Begins: |
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Parietal pericardium |
Middle layer |
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Visceral pericardium |
Innermost layer
Makes the heart look shiny Made of dense c.t. |
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Characteristics of pericardial fluid
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*In the pericardial cavity
(between the parietal &visceral pericardium) *Reduces friction between the two layers *Reduced fluid can cause pericarditis |
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Characteristics of the epicardium |
*Outermost layer of the heart
wall *made of epithelial and connective tissue |
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3 layers of heart wall
(Outermost to innermost) |
Epicardium-outer |
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Characteristics of the myocardium
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*Also called cardiac muscle *Thickest layer *left side myocardium is thicker than the right side |
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Characteristics of endocardium
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*Innermost layer |
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Structures within the heart
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*Atrioventricular orifice |
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What are two major valves within the heart |
Tricuspid valve |
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What is the cardiac conducting/ electrical system process |
All are Self Exciting Tissue that ignite a nervous impulse:
1) SA Node 2) atrial syncytium 3) AV Node 4) Bundle of His 5) Right and Left Bundle Fibers 6) Purkinje Fibers 7) Ventricular Syncytium |
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right Atrium |
*entry point for poor oxygenated blood from three vessels:
*superior vena cava: head, neck, and shoulders
*inferior vena cava: from the lower portion of the body legs ect.....
*coronary sinus: blood that the heart uses
* under low pressure
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Left Atrium |
* receives blood from "4" pulmonary veins that deliver oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs
* under high pressure |
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right ventricle |
* receives O2 poor blood from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve
* delivers deoxygenated poor blood to the pulmonary trunk- branches into a Y that becomes pulmonary arteries (only arteries that carry O2 poor blood) |
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left ventricle |
* receives O2 rich blood from the left atrium through the mitral/ bicuspid valve
* delivers blood to the aorta through the aortic semi-lunar valve
* LV chamber has to pump all the blood to the rest of the body- the walls are much thicker |
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functional syncytium |
makes sure the atrium and ventricle act as a unit each atrium and vertricle is one |
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What is borderline hypertension |
130/80 |
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what is the top and bottom number of the blood pressure |
top is called the systolic
bottom is called the diastolic |
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What is the atrium or ventricle said to be in when pumping or resting |
pumping- systole contracting pressure of LV
resting- diastole resting pressure of the LV |
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Pulmonary trunk/ artery |
branches into a Y that becomes Pulmonary arteries that carries deoxygenated blood to the right and left lung- only arteries that carry O2 poor blood |
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Name 3 blood vessels in the heart |
arteries veins capillaries |
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characteristics of arteries |
*small arteries called arterioles
* 3 layers to the wall inner to outermost >tunica intima/ interna- innermost >tunica media- middle layer >tunica externa/ adventitia- outermost
*carry blood away from the heart *B/P moves the blood in the arteries *all except the 2 pulmonary arteries carry O2 rich blood * high pressure vessels * thicker walls- more elastic *can't exchange any material
Diseases: atherosclerosis and aneurysm |
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characterisitcs of capillaries |
*smallest in size of all blood vessels *largest in numbers of all blood vessels *made of 1 layer of simple squamous e.t. *they are exchange vessels (nutrients, gases, wastes, O2 & CO2) *selectively permability (mostly around the brain *little to no pressure *3 ways material move across capillary walls using passive transport (no energy needed) > simple diffusion > osmosis > hydrostatic pressure |
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characteristics of veins |
*smaller veins called "venules" *walls are thinner than arteries *3 layers to walls- tunica walls but not well developed *low pressure vessels *all veins carry blood toward the heart *all veins except the "4" pulmonary veins carry O2 poor blood *4 ways we move blood in the veins > skeletal muscles > valves prevent blood from flowing back > hydrostatic pressure > breathing pressure
Diseases: varicose veins, hemorrhoids, phlebitis |
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What is a normal heart rate range |
60 to 80 beats per minute |
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What are the two most important plasma electrolytes in the heart |
calcium and potassium for proper heart function |
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functions of the pulmonary semi-lunar valve |
*at the base of the pulmonary trunk *regulates blood flow between RV and pulmonary trunk
(RV contracts shuts the tricuspid valve and opens the semi-lunar valve to get blood into the pulmonary trunk) |
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functions of the aortic semi-lunar valve |
*at the base of the left ventricle *carries blood out of the LV to the rest of the body regulates blood flow between LV and aorta
(LV contracts it closes the bicuspid valve and opens the aortic semi-lunar valve to put blood in the aorta) |
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When areas are infarct and you have damages to the muscles what happens to the muscles |
the muscle area dies |
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true or false: the pulmonary and the aortic semi-lunar valves use chordae tendineae to open and close |
false: the pulmonary and aortic semi-lunar valves do no use chordae tindineae to open and close |
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Which chamber do the blood pressure reading come from |
the left ventricle |
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what color are veins and arteries |
arteries are red in color >blue artery oxygen poor blood (pulmonary arteries) >red artery oxygen rich blood
veins are blue in color >carry deoxygenated blood except for "4" pulmonary veins |
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What are the 2 major circulatory pathways |
Pulmonary Circulation and Systemic Circulation |
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What are the 3 circulatory pathways |
pulmonary circulation systemic circulation corornary circulation |
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pulmonary circulation pathway |
RV HEART to LUNGS (deoxygenated blood) to LA HEART (oxygenated blood) |
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systemic circulation pathway |
LV HEART (oxygenated) to BODY to RA HEART (deoxygenated) |
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coronary circulation pathway |
*circulation within the heart
coronary sinus- a cavity that has all the blood the heart uses receives blood from the coronary veins
coronary arteries - supply O2 rich blood to the heart (if there is a blockage it causes a heart attack the heart can't receive O2 rich blood)
coronary veins- drains O2 poor blood back into the coronary sinus in the RA |
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Which chamber receives all the blood in the heart |
right atrium |
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what veins only carry O2 rich blood |
4 pulmonary veins |
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what arteries only carry O2 poor blood |
pulmonary arteries |
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Whats the function of heart chambers |
only the chambers can pump blood
*Only chambers and vessels receives blood not valves* |
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whats the function of valves |
regulates the flow of blood |
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What causes agina pectoris |
exercise or extrenuous activity
(feels like crushing pain in the chest nitroglycerin is the medication used for angina pectoris) |
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What get the heart back into fibrillation and what is used |
defibrillation and a defibrilator is used to shock the heart causing it to stop and then start again rythm |
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What's can help the heart stay healthy |
exercise |
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With good conditioning what can happen to the heart |
good conditioning can cause anastomoses to form from the coronary arteries to help aid in O2 getting to the heart
* once developed they don't go away |
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How does the chambers contract |
*Right and Left atrium contracts together
* Atrium contracts top to bottom
*Ventricles contract bottom to top |
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Characteristics of Sinoatrial Node (SA Node of the heart) |
*"Natural Pacemaker of the Heart" *located at the top of the RA *self exciting tissue *controls the rythm of the heart *starts the intial signal that is sent through the walls of the RA & LA causing them to contract together called a atrium syncytium *influenced by the brain (Medulla Oblongata)
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Characteristics of Atrioventricular Node (AV Node of the heart) |
*on the floor of the RA *link between the atrium and the ventricles *receives signal from the SA Node -slightly delays signal before delivering to the ventricles |
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Characteristics of the Bundle of His |
*comes from the AV Node *reaches the septum splits into 2 bundle fibers *right and left bundle fibers goes to the right and left ventricles *once split to the ventricles they are called purkinje fibers |
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Purkinje Fibers function |
*extends under both ventricles causing an upward pulse *causes ventricles to contract together causing a ventricular syncytium
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How the brain controls the heart |
*Medulla Oblongata - cardiovascular center
*Autonomic Nervous System affected by stress >Vagus Nerve- controls heart rate in normal situations and returns conditions back to normal (parasympathetic division) normative/ restorative system
>Accelerator Nerve (sympathetic division)
Both divisions sends signals to the SA Node
(Cerebrum, hypothalmus, stress, disease, O2 & CO2 levels, exercise all sends signals to medulla oblongata also)
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Factors that affect the heart rate |
pressoreceptors chemoreceptors acetylcholine & norepinephrine electrolytes (ions) body temperature hypothermia |
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function of pressoreceptors |
monitor pressure changes in carotid artery and aorta sends info to the medulla oblongata
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function of chemoreceptor |
located in the carotids and aorta measure oxygen levels in the blood sends info to the medulla oblongata
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function of the electrolyte (ions) |
Calcium (affects all muscles and can mess up the arrythmia)
Potassium
*both plasma electrolytes is for proper heart function |
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function of body temperature |
*hyperthermia >disease conditions (fever) >as body temp goes increases heart rate goes increases
*hypothermia >body temp goes down heart rate decreases |
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characteristics of the artery- tunica intima layer |
*simple squamous e.t./ c.t. undernearth *secretes 2 chemicals (prevents platelets from adhering to the surface and causes vasodilation and vasocontriction) *helps control blood pressure by expanding walls it lowers blood pressure *innermost layer
*also the vein layer but not as well developed* |
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characteristics of the artery- tunica media layer |
*thickest layer *primarily smooth muscle *muscle tissue/ elastic c.t.
*also the vein layer but not as well developed*
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characteristics of the artery- tunica externa/ adventitia |
*outermost layer *only c.t. *hold the arteries and veins in place
*also the vein layer but not as well developed* |
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function of arterioles |
job is to supply oxygen and nutrients (all blood) toward the cells until they get into the capillaries |
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Diseases that affect the heart |
*Ischemia *Myocardial Infarction (heart Attack) *Angina Pectoris (pain in chest) *Congestive Heart Failure *Thrombus *Embolus *Coronary Thrombosis |
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Factors that affect arterial blood pressure |
1) Heart Action 2) Peripheral Resistance 3) Blood Volume 4) Blood Viscosity |
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function of Heart Action |
*stroke volume (SV)- amount of blood discharged by a ventricle per contraction (SV=70ml)
*cardiac output (CO)- amount of blood discharged by a ventricle per minute (SV x HR= CO)
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function of Peripheral Resistance |
friction of blood with the vessel walls
* if we increase friction of blood and vessel walls blood pressure increases
* if we decrease friction of blood and vessel walls blood pressure decreases |
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function of Blood Volume |
*blood cells + plasma > raise the blood volume the blood pressure increases (fluid replacement)
>lower blood volume the blood pressure decreases (dehydration/ hemorrhage)
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function of Blood Viscosity |
*thickness of blood controls the resistance of blood flow >raise the viscosity of blood the blood pressure will increase (excess of red blood cells)
>lower the viscosity of blood the blood pressure will decrease (anemia low production of RBC's) |
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why is vasocontriction and vasodilation important |
they help maintain blood pressure and also control heat exchange |
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What's the ultimate cause of heart problems |
hypertension |
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Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine are what in the heart |
they both are neurotransmitters |
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2 primary functions of the Lymphatic System |
*Help maintain constant blood volume *Immunity |
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how does lacteals work in the lymphatic system |
lymphatic capillaries that carry lipids from small intestines to the liver only found in the small intestines
lipids don't go into the blood only straight to the liver |
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How does lymph travel in the lymphatic system |
*Primary skeletal muscles *breathing pressure *valves *hydrostatic pressure |
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What are organs of the lymphatic system
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*spleen
*thymus gland |
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What are the only two structures that produce phagocytic lymphocytes |
spleen and lymph nodes uses these to filter (clean) bacteria and trash from the lymph and blood |
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what is interstital fluid called that is picked up by lymphatic capillaries |
originally is plasma but becomes "lymph" when picked up |
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function of lymph nodes |
cleans the lymph of bacteria and trash before it goes back into blood circulation as plasma |
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function of lymphatic capillaries |
picks up interstitial fluid which is plasma also has bacteria and trash |
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What does the lymphatic system do for cancer cells |
allows cancer cells to move through the body easily |
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Lymphatic system is closely associated with what other system
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Cardiovascular system
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Lymphatic system help defend the body against what
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Invasion by disease causing agents
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What is the path of plasma once leaked and enters the lymphatic capillaries |
*leaked plasma enters the |
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Characteristics of the spleen |
*largest lymphatic organ *filters blood of bacteria and trash *has lobules that are compartments bands of c.t. *non vital organ located lateral to the stomach >red pulp that is blood >white pulp that look like island that is lymphocytes |
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Characteristics of the thymus gland |
*sits on top of the heart and extends to the base of the trachea *very active through puberty decrease activity afterwards and change to c.t. does not act as a gland *has lobules *lymphocytes that are called thymocytes and are inactive cells *produce thymosin that targets thymocytes and cause them to mature and become active *Thymocytes become T-lymphocytes also known as T-cells for immunity
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Characteristics of T-cells |
*can synthesize and secrete "lymphokines" which enhance various cellular responses to antigens
*may secrete toxic substances that are lethal to their antigen-bearing target cells
*require the presence of another kind of cell (accessory cell) before cells can become activated
*macrophages, B-cells, ect. can serve as accessory cells |
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Characteristics of B-cells |
*act directly against antigens by producing and secreting "antibodies" that destroy specific antigens and antigen-bearing particles
*activated when encounter an antigen thats molecular shape fits the shape of the B-cells antigen receptors
*antibodies produced and secreted by B-cells are all soluble globular proteins called "immunoglobulins" |
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Origin of Lymphocytes |
*fetal development: undifferentiated lymphocytes (stem cells)
*released from red bone marrow into the blood > 50% to thymus gland (thymocytes) >50% processed in fetal liver
*harmone thymosine in thymus gland target t thymocytes and they mature and become T-cells (T-lymphocytes) they then enter the blood. comprise 70 to 80% of circulatory lymphocytes and they are abundant in lymph nodes, thoracic duct, and spleen
*lymphocytes that are processed in the liver become B-cells (B-lymphocytes) bone marrow derived, they enter the blood 20 to 30 % are lymphocytes and others settle in lymphatic organs (lymph nodes, spleen) |
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What type of response is it when the lymphocyte see it's antigen for the 1st time it attacks it |
Primary Immune Response |
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If you survive the primary immune response and anytime after that encounter and the lymphocyte attacks the antigen again what is this response called |
Secondary Immune Response |
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What type of cells is developed after the primary immune response |
memory cells that attack the antigen before you can get sick |
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What is specific immunity |
immunity that deals with a specific type of pathogen (certain diseases attract certian cells) >when clone of t-cell or b-cell sees its specific antigen it only attacks that antigen |
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What are the 3 ways to gain specific immunity |
*Naturally acquired active immunity *Vaccine or Artificially Acquired Active Immunity *Artificially Passive Immunity |
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function of naturally acquired active immunity |
the antigen enters the body and then the body produces immunity in response *long lasting |
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function of vaccine or artificially acquired active immunity |
you are given the antigen and your body produces the response *long lasting |
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function of artificially passive immunity |
a thick gamma globulin shot that are ready made antibodies made to protect from a antigen *short term |
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What are the 6 non specific immunity |
* species resistance * mechanical barriers * enzymatic activity * interferon * inflammation * phagocytosis |
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function of species resistance |
every species has a blanket of protection that stops diseases from other species |
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function of mechanical barriers |
cutaneous membranes of the skin; no matter what the bacteria is the skin prevents everything from entering |
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function of enzymatic activity |
enymes that are in fluid that kill bacteria tears kill bacteria so it does not get in the eyes |
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functions of interferon |
lymphocytes and mast cells produce these; target a wide range of viruses and it resists the spread of any kind of tumors |
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function of Inflammation |
no matter the cause the body tries to localize it and positive chemotaxis attracts WBC to the site and by diapedeses they cross the vessel walls to get to the site of injury and begin inflammatory response |
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function of phagocytosis |
attacks anything and eats it |
