A&p Ii Exam 2

Front 1

Accessory Inspiratory Muscles (4)

Back 1

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis Minor
Serratus Anterior

Front 2

Accessory Expiratory Muscles (5)

Back 2

Internal intercostal muscles
Internal Obliques
External Obliques
Rectus abdominis
Transversus Thoracis

Front 3

Primary Inspiratory Muscles (2)

Back 3

Diaphragm
External Intercostals

Front 4

Tidal Volume

Back 4

air moved in or out during resting breathing

Front 5

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Back 5

air breathed in above the normal tidal volume

Front 6

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Back 6

air voluntarily expelled after tidal volume exhalation

Front 7

Residual volume

Back 7

air left in lungs after maximal exhalation

Front 8

Minimal volume

Back 8

air that would remain in lungs after collapse

Front 9

Inspiratory capacity

Back 9

TV+IRV = maximum amount of air that you can force into the lungs

Front 10

Vital Capacity

Back 10

ERV+TV+IRV = maximum amount of air we can exchange in one cycle of breathing

Front 11

Functional Residual capacity (FRC)

Back 11

ERV+ residual volume = amt of air left behind in lung after a resting breath

Front 12

Total lung capacity

Back 12

vital capacity+residual volume

Front 13

Respiratory minute volume

Back 13

volume of air moved per minute
breaths per minute x tidal volume

Front 14

What are the two collections of neurons in the Medulla Oblongata and what do they do? - Level 1: Respiratory rhythmicity centers

Back 14

1) Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - the inspiratory center -> innervates the primary inspiratory muscles, therefore, modifies regular resting breathing rate

* must activate to activate primary inhalation muscles*
2) Ventral respiratory group (VRG) - controls accessory breathing muscles when necessary

Front 15

What is hypercapnia? What is it most commonly caused by?

Back 15

increased arterial PCO2

commonly caused by hypoventilation

Front 16

What is hypocapnia? What is it most commonly caused by?

Back 16

decreased arterial PCO2

most commonly caused by hyperventilation

Front 17

Heart Sounds - S1 - what is happening during this sound?

Back 17

Known as lubb
start of ventricular contraction and closure of AV valves

Front 18

Heart sounds - S2- what is happening during this sound?

Back 18

Known as dupp
closure of semilunar valves

Front 19

What is cardiac output (CO)?

Back 19

heart rate x stroke volume - amount of blood put out into the system in 1 minute

best overall indicator of peripheral blood flow

Front 20

Define stroke volume

Back 20

volume ejected from ventricle in one beat

= EDV - ESV

Front 21

List 3 influences on EDV (end diastolic volume)

Back 21

1) venous return -> the greater the venous return the greater the EDV

2) Filling time (duration of ventricular diastole) -> the slower the heart beat, the greater the filling time, the greater the EDV

3)Preload (amt of myocardial stretching) -> the more filling, the more stretching, the greater the EDV - increases SV because the ventricular muscle cells approach optimal length to generate more power

Front 22

List 2 influences on ESV (end systolic volume)

Back 22

1) contractility (amt of force produced during a contraction at a given preload) -> the greater the contractility, the lower the ESV, the greater the SV

2) Afterload (tension necessary for ventricular ejection) -> increased by any factor that restricts arterial blood flow, the greater the afterload, the greater the ESV, the lower the SV

Front 23

The total peripheral resistance depends on which three factors?

Back 23

1) vascular resistance - lgst component
2) viscosity
3) turbulence

Front 24

What is net filtration pressure? What does a positive or negative answer mean?

Back 24

Net filtration = CHP - BCOP
positive at beginning of capillary bed = filtration
negative by end of capillary bend = reabsorption

Front 25

What is the term for lung collapse? (when the lung loses the adhesion to the thorax wall)

Back 25

atelectasis or pneumothorax

Front 26

What is the term for thickening or toughening of artery walls?

Back 26

ateriosclerosis

Front 27

What is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and what happens?

Back 27

Atherosclerosis - formation of lipid deposits in tunica media, associated with tunica intima damage

Front 28

Define Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Back 28

areas of partial or complete blockage of coronary circulation - produces reduced blood flow to an area, this is known as coronary ischemia

Front 29

What are vasodilators?

Back 29

local chemicals that increase blood flow during autoregulation (local regulation of blood flow)