A & P Lab Final Review

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Back 1

Blood Smear: erythrocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, platelets

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Back 2

Lymphocyte w/ erythrocytes

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Back 3

Blood Smear: Sickle Cell Anemia

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Back 4

Iron Deficient Anemia: Low RBC Volume

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A B C D E

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A. neutrophil: granulocyte

B. eosinophil: granulocyte

C. basophil: granulocyte

D. monocyte: agranulocyte

E. lymphocyte: agranulocyte

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1.

2.

3.

4.

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1.

2.

3.

4.

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Functions of Neutrophils

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- Most numerous (50-70% of WBCs)

- Cytosol contains bactericidal granules and lysosomal enzymes

- Attack and digest (phagocytosis) bacteria "marked" with antibodies or complement proteins

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Functions of Eosinophils

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- (2-4% WBCs)

- aka "acidophils"

- bi-lobed nucleus

- Attack via phagocytosis but primary mode of attack is exocytosis of toxic compounds to kill parasites

- Can release enzymes to reduce inflammation at injury sites

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Functions of Basophils

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- Least numerous granulocyte (<1% WBCs)

- release heparin at sites of injury to reduce clotting

- attract eosinophils and other basophils to area of injury

-discharge granules that contain histamine

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Functions of Monocytes

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- least numerous granulocytes (2-8% WBCs)

- large with kidney shaped nucleus

- In blood stream < 24 hrs before becoming tissue macrophage

-

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Functions of Lymphocytes

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- (20-30% WBCs)

- Continuously migrate from bloodstream to tissues and back

- Three Functional Classes:

1) T cells: cell-mediated immunity

2) B cells: humoral immunity

3) NK Cells: immune surveillance

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Hematocrit

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Measure of packed cell volume (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets)

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Differential Count of WBCs

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Count of each type of cell in sample of 100 WBCs to obtain percentage of each type of WBC

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Universal Blood Donor for ABO system

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Type O

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Plasma

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- (46-63% of total blood)

- 92% water

- 1% solutes

- 7% plasma proteins

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What is the Tallquist Method?

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Test for hemoglobin (anemia)

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Back 17

Vessels

A: artery lumen

B: vein lumen

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Cardiac Muscle Cells

A: Intercollated Discs

B: Nuclei

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Back 19

Anatomy of the Heart

A: right atrium B: superior vena cava

C: inferior vena cava D: tricuspid valve (rt. AV)

E: right ventricle F: pulmonary valve

G: pulmonary artery H: pulmonary vein

I: right atrium J: mitral valve (aka bicuspid/lt. AV)

K: left ventricle L: aortic valve

M: aorta

Front 20

Study Wigger's Diagram

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Front 21

Organs/ tissues of the lymphatic system

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Tonsils, Thymus, Spleen, MALT (mucosa-associated lymph tissue found in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems), nodes, and appendix

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The right lymphatic duct drains __________.

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right side of head and thorax, right upper extremity

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Most lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the _____________.

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thoracic duct

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Back 24

Spleen Slide

White pulp- resembles lymphoid tissues, responsible for spleen's immune functions

Red Pulp- high red blood cell count

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Back 25

Lymph Node Diagram

A: efferent vessel

B: afferent vessel

C: subcapsular space

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Order of Circulation

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Systems -> Right Atrium (via sup/inf vena cava) -> Right Ventricle (through RT AV valve) -> Pulmonary Artery (through pulmonary valve) -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle-(through Mitral Valve)

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Back 27

Lymph Node I

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Lymph Node II

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Back 29

Human Palatine Tonsil

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Thymus

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Back 31

Peyer's Patches Ileum.

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Back 32

1. pharynx 2. epiglottis 3. frontal and sphenoidal sinus 4. nasal cavity 5. external nares (nostrils) 6. larynx 7. trachea 8. Left Lung 9. bronchus 10. diaphragm

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Back 33

Lung Tissue: Alveoli, Arteriole, and Capillaries

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Back 34

Trachea, including lumen, cillliated cells and goblet cells

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Back 35

Bronchiole

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Fates of Germ Layers

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Endoderm- Gut, Liver, Lungs

Mesoderm- skeleton, Muscle, Kidney, Heart, Blood

Ectoderm- Skin and CNS

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Early Embryonic Stages

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Ovulation--> Oocyte--> Fertilization --> (A) Zygote --> (B) 4-cell stage (2 days) --> (C) Morula (3 days) --> (D) early blastocyst (4 days)-->(E) implanting blastocyst

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Coronary Circulation

Anterior View

Back 38

Circumflex Artery (top left vent.), Left Coronary Artery (medial left vent.), Anterior Interventricular Artery (down septum), Great Cardiac Vein (down septum), Right, Anterior, ad small Cardiac Veins (Along right atrium/vent)

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Coronary Circulation

Posterior

Back 39

coronary sinus (vein pocket in middle), great cardiac vein (travels around left vent), Posterior vein of left ventricle, Right coronary artery (around right ventricle)

Front 40

Lubb- AV valves close

Dupp- semilunar valves close

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1. Atrial Contraction Begins

2. Atria eject blood into ventricles

3. Atrial systole ends, AV valves close

4. isovolumetric contraction

5. ventricular ejection occurs

6. semilunar (aorta/pul) valves close

7. isovolumetric relaxation occurs

8. AV valves open, passive filling begins

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Back 41

A. Mouth

B. esophagus

C. Stomach

D. Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

E. Appendix

F. Large Intestine (Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid)

G. Anal Canal

H. Pancreas

I. Liver

J. Gallbladder

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Functions of Ovaries

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Secretion of hormones, inhibin

formation of immature gametes

production of oocytes

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Back 43

Trachea and Esophagus

Front 44

Maltase, Lactase, Sucrase

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Source: small intestine

Target: carbohydrates (maltose, sucrose, lactose)

Products: monosaccharides

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Pancreatic alpha-amylase

Back 45

Source: pancreas

Target: complex carbohydrates

Products: di/trisacchardes

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Salivary Amylase

Back 46

Source: salivary glands

Target: complex carbohydrates

Products: di/trisaccharides

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Carboxypeptidase, Chymotrypsin

Back 47

Source: Pancreas

Target: Proteins and polypeptides

Products: Short-chain polypeptides

Notes: released as proenzymes ( procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen)

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dipeptidase, peptidases

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Source: small intestine

Target: di/tripeptides

Products: amino acids

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Elastase (Proelastase)

Back 49

Source: Pancreas

Target: Elastin

Products: short-chain peptides

Notes: activated by trypsin

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Enteropeptidase

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Source: small intestine

Target:Trypsinogen

Products: Trypsin

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Pepsin (pepsinogen)

Back 51

Source: stomach

Target: proteins

Products: short-chain polypeptides

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Rennin

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Source: stomach

Target: milk proteins

Notes: Infants only

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Trypsin (Trypsinogen)

Back 53

Source: Pancreas

Target: Proteins

Products: short-chain peptides

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Lingual Lipase

Back 54

Source: tongue

Target: triglycerides

Products: fatty acids

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Pancreatic lipase

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Source: pancreas

Target: triglycerides

Products: fatty acids

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Back 56

Bowman's Capsule

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Back 57

Kidney Tubules

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Nephron- Removal of Waste Products From Blood

Renal corpuscle --> Proximal Convoluted Tubule (water/solute reabsorption) --> Nephron Loop (descending-water loss, ascending-solute loss) --> Distal Convoluted Tubule (secretion of ions, toxins, drugs; variable water reabsorption) --> Collecting Duct --> Papillary Duct (drain to minor calyx) --> Renal Pelvis --> Ureter

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Renal Circulation- Blood through Kidneys Gets Filtered

Renal Artery --> Segmental Arteries--> Interlobar arteries--> Arcuate arteries--> Cortical Radiate arteries--> Afferent arterioles --> glomerulus--> efferent arteriole --> Peritubular Capillaries --> Venules --> cortical radiate veins --> arcuate veins --> interlobar veins--> renal veins

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Back 60

Female Reproductive Anatomy

A: Fallopian Tube (Fimbrae, Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus)

B: Ovary

C: Vagina (Lined with rugae)

D: Uterus

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Male Reproductive Anatomy

A: Testicles

B: Ductus Deferens

C: Bladder

D: Penis

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Back 62

Male Anatomy

A: Ductus Deferens B: Bladder C: Pubic Symphysis D: Corpus Cavernosum E: Penis

F: Urethra G: Corpus spongiosum H: Foreskin

I: Epididymis J: Testis K: Scrotum L: Seminal Gland M: Rectum N: Prostate O: Bulbo-urethral Gland

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Path of sperm

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Epididymis --> Ductus Deferens --> Ejaculatory Duct --> Urethra

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Actions of Estrogen

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Stimulation of bone growth

Maintaining accessory reproductive organs

Maintain secondary sex characteristics

Initiating repair of endometrium

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Spermatic cord

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Bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis

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Site of sperm maturation

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epididymis

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Secretes testosterone

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interstitial cells of testes

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Spermatogenesis

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1. spermatogonium --> 1 spermatocyte, 1 spermatogonium

2. spermatocyte--> meiosis, secondary spermatocytes

3. Secondary spermatocytes-->meiosis 2, 4 haploid spermatids

4. spermatids--> spermiogenesis (maturation)--> spermatozoa

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Oogenesis

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1. oogonium--> 1 oogonium, 1 diploid primary oocyte

2. primary oocyte --> meiosis 1, 1 polar body, diploid secondary oocyte

3. polar body--> 2 polar bodies/ secondary oocyte --> 3rd polar body, mature ovum (haploid)