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65 Cards in this Set
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Party Competition
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The battle of the parties for control of public offices. Ups and downs of the two major parties are one of the most important elements in American politics
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Political Party
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"A team of people seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election"
--Anthony Downs |
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Linkage Institutions
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inputs from the public into outputs from the policymakers. They sift through all issues, identify the most pressing concerns, and put these into the governmental agenda
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Party Machines
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A kind of party organization very different from the typical fragmented and disorganized political party in America today...
It relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern |
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Party Image
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What voters think a party stands for
ex: Liberal/Conservative; Pro-labor/Pro-business; Pro-life/Pro-Choice |
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party identification
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The self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other
(people routinely vote for the party that they identify with) |
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Ticket Splitting
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Voting with one party for one office and the other party for another office
☆independents are most likely to engage in ticket splitting |
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Rational-choice Theory
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A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians.
It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the cost and benefits of possible alternatives parties must be significantly different...but similar enough to appeal to the "floaters" |
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Patronage
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One of the key inducement used by party machines. A patronage job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone
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Closed Primary
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Elections to select party nominees in which only people who have registered in advance what the party can vote for that party's candidates, thus encouraging greater party loyalty
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Open Primaries
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Elections to select party nominees and which voters can decide on election day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests
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National Party Convention
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The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform
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National Committee
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One of the institutions that keeps the party operating between conventions. The National Committee is composed of representatives from the states and territories
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National Chairperson
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The person responsible for the day-to-day activities of the party
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coalition
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A group of individuals with a common interest on which every political party depends
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party eras
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Historical periods in which a majority of voters cling to the party in power, which tends to win a majority of the elections
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critical election
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An electoral "earthquake" where new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party is often displaced by the minority party. Critical election periods are sometimes marked by a national crisis and may require more than one election to bring about a new party era
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Party Realignment
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The displacement of the majority party by the minority party usually during a critical election period
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New Deal coalition
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a coalition forged by the Democrats, who dominated American politics from the 1930s and 1960s. Its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals
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Party Dealignment
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The gradual disengagement of people from the parties, as seen in part by shrinking party identification
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third parties
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Electoral contenders other than the two major parties. American third parties are not unusual, but they rarely win elections.
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Winner-Take-All System
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An electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded only to the candidates who come in first in their constituencies
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Proportional Representation
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An electoral system used throughout most of Europe that awards legislative seats two political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an elections
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Coalition Government
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When two or more parties join together to form a majority in a national legislature. This form of government is quite common in the multiparty systems of Europe
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Responsible Party Model
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A view about how party should work, held by some political scientist. According to the model, parties should offer clear choices to the voters and once in office, should carry out their campaign promises
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Blue Dog Democrats
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Fiscally conservative Democrats who are mostly from the south and/or rural parts of the United States
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Interest Groups
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An organized group of individuals who share common objectives and actively attempt to influence policymakers
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how do interest groups serve as Linkage Institutions?
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-They express their members' preferences to govt. policymakers
-they convey govt. policy information to their members -they raise and spend money to influence policymakers |
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Solidary Incentives
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the benefit of associating with members of an interest group who share similar interests, passions, or hobbies
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Material Incentives (Selective Benefits)
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the benefit of JOINING the interest group by gaining specific economic benefits or other material benefits
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Purposive Incentives
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the benefit of joining interest group based upon agreement with the goals of the interest group and seeking positive change for those goals
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Potential Group
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everyone concerned with an issue and could possible join an intwrst group
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Actual Group
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the potential group members who actually join the interest group
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Free-rider problem
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potential group members benefit from the collective good of actual group members' efforts without actually joining the interest group
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Electioneering
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Actually influencing elections
-helping to fund campaigns -getting members to vote for specific candidates who support their policies |
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Fundraising (interest groups)
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Interest groups connecting with PACs to support the incumbents who have similar views as the interest groups
(raising money for your homies) |
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Lobbying
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interest groups making direct contact with policymakers to seek legislative outcomes favorable to the interest group
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Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act (1946)
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required lobbyists to register their interest group clients and disclose the purpose of their efforts
wasn't really effective because registered lobbyists only represent a fraction of the larger interest group as a whole |
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Lobbying Disclosure Act (1995)
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more strict regulation for interest groups and other organizations to register with congress and to also disclose the nature of their efforts, their financial expenses, and specific bills
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Caucus
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voters of an electoral district show up at a specific time and place for an open meeting to express their views on the presidential nomination
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How can interest groups influence the courts?
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-standing to sue
-filing amicus curiae briefs -THEY CANNOT LOBBY JUDGES |
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Pluralism Theory of govt
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idea that the govt consists of numerous groups, all pushing for their own interests...but no single group dominates.
These groups cause public interest to prevail👍👍👍 |
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Elitism
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theory contending that an upper class elite holds the power and makes policy, regardless of the formal governmental organization
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Hyperpluralism Theory
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contends that groups are so strong that government (attempting to please everyone) is weakened
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Iron Triangles
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(subgovernments) The relationship between
- govt. agencies -interest groups -congressional committees they dominate some areas of domestic policymaking |
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Union Shop
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a provision found in some collective bargaining agreements requiring all employees of a business tho join the union within a short period, usually 30 days, and to remain members as a condition of govt.
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What is NOT a task of political parties?
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Voter registration for party members to vote
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Federal Bureaucracy
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all agencies, people, and procedures through which the federal government operates.
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Implementation
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translation of POLICY GOALS into rules and STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES created by government AGENCIES
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Department of Homeland Security requires passengers to remove their shoes for airport security screenings
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Regulation
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the use of govt. authority to control or change practices in the private sector
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Independent Executive Agencies
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federal agencies not located within a specific department
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NASA, CIA, EPA
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Independent Regulatory Agencies
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agencies charged with making policy and implementing regulations for specific areas
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Federal Reserve, FCC
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Government Corporations
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government agencies that provide a service which could also be provided by the private sector
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amtrack, post office
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The Spoils System
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1800's system where each new president appointed new directors for agency positions with each new administration
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The Pendleton Act (Civil Service Act)
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Merit rather than Patronage
Major change to govt. appointments where selection criteria was based on a merit system instead of party loyalty |
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What's the relationship between the President and the Bureaucracy?
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the president can appoint senior heads of govt. agencies
president can issue executive orders (that have the force of law) |
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What's the relationship between Congress and the Bureaucracy?
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-congress can appropriate more or less funds to a govt. agency
-congress can exercise legislative oversight over a government agency |
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What is a way that Interest Groups CAN NOT attempt to influence policy?
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They can NOT LOBBY FEDERAL JUDGES in order to get rulings in their favor
(judges should judge based on the constitution... not interest groups) |
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The AFL-CIO belongs to which category on Interest Groups?
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LABOR!!!!!
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The Party Era from the 1970's to present day represents...
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Divided Government
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Right-to-work Laws
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a state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs. Right-to-work laws were specifically permitted by the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947
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Hatch Act
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a federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics while on duty or for employees in sensitive positions at any time
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Whistleblower
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a person who informs on a person or organization engages in illicit activity
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snitch
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Office or Personell Management
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the office in charge of hiring for most agencies of the federal government, using elaborate rules in the process
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Government in the Sunshine Act
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a US law passed in 1976 that affects the operations of the federal govt., Congress, federal commissions, & other legally constitued federal bodies
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