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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the five functions of muscle tissue
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body movement
stabilizes body position regulate organ volume transport movement heat protection |
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the ability of a muscle tissue to respond to stimulus by producing an electric charge
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excitability
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ability of muscle tissue to shorten when stimulated, producing movment
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contractility
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ability of a muscle tissue to stretch with out being damaged
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extensibility
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ability of a muscle to return to its original length after being contracted or stretched
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elasticity
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the smallest contractile unit of a skeletal muscle
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sarcomere
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the main structure of a sarcomere
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thin filiment
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main component of thin filament
(sm round protein) |
actin
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long thin protein
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trypomyosin
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regulatory protein
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troponin
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main component of thick filaments
has 2 heads and 2 twisted tails |
myosin
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small exxtensions of the myosin filaments
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cross bridges
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uses ADP-ATP
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sliding filament theory
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the contractile fibers found within a muscle cell
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myofibrils
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the cells that make up a skeletal muscle
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muscle fibers
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the plasma membrane of a muscle cell
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sarcolemma
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the cytoplasm of a muscle cell
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sarcoplasm
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a small group or bundle of muscle fibers that are held together by a layer of connective tissue
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fascicle
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a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it stimulates to contract
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motor unit
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weak movements that are easy to control
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fine motor movements
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the size of the MU determines the type of movement
*movements such as walking and running |
gross movement
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the number of nerve impulses a motor unit receives in a given period of time determines the type of contractions seen in a motor unit
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frequency of stimulation
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a brief contraction of all of the muscle fibers in amotor unit in response to a single stimulus
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twitch contraction
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parts of a twitch contraction
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latent period
contraction period relaxation period |
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second stimulus is delivered before the relaxation phase of the first motor unit contaction ends
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wave summation
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occurs when a motor unit is stimulated 20 to 30 timces a second
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unfused tetanus
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occurs when a motor unit is stimulated 80 to 100 times a second
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fused tetanus
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sustained partial contraction of a few motor units within a skeletal muscle
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muscle tone
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the shortenign of a muscle in response to a nerve impulse
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muscle contractions
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the process by which the numbers of active motor units are increased
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motor unit recruitment
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muscle contractions used for body movements and for moving objects
*length of muscle changes (shortens) but tone remains the same |
isotonic contractions
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a contraction that genereates enough force to overcome the resisance of an object
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concentric isotonic contraction
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a contraction that resists the movement of a load and slows the lengthening process
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eccentric isotonic contraction
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*muscle contractions that do not result in movement
*length of muscle stays the same but the tome changes drastically |
isometric contractions
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the chemical reactions requird for a skeletal muscle to function properly
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muscle metabolism
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a series of ATP producing reactions that take place in the presence of oxygen
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aerobic cellular respiration
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an energy rich molecule that is unique to muscle fibers
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creatine phosphate
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a series of ATP producing reactions that take place in the absence of oxygen
*provides an extra 30-40 seconds of maximum muscle contraction |
anaerobic cellular respiration
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a by-product of anaerobic cellular respiration
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lactic acid
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the inability of a muscle to contract forcefully after prolonged activity
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muscle fatique
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the attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationaly bone
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origin
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the attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone
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insertion
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muscle directly responsible for producing the diesired movement
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prime mover
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muscle that opposes a prime mover
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antagonist
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muscle that assists a prime mober in producin g a desires movement
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synergist
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muscle that helps stabilize the origin of a prime mover
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fixator
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fasicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle
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parallel
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fascicles run parallel to the long axis, but are thicker in the middle
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fusiform
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fascicles that start at a wide origin and end at a narrow insertion
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triangular
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fascicles that attach to a central tendon
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pennate
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fascicles attach to one side of a central tendon
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unipennate
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fascicles attach to both sides of a central tendon
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bipennate
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fascicles attach obliquesly from many direction to several tendon, which fuse in the middle
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multipennate
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fascicles start and end at the same point
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circular
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functions of the nervous system
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sensory
integrative motor |
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NS function: designed to detect both internal and external stimuli
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sensory function
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NS function: designed to process sensory information and use it in the decision making process
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integrative function
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NS function: designed to initiate skeletal muscle contractions and influence automic responses in the body
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motor function
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muscles or glands that are innervated by a neuron
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effectors
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consists of the brain and the spinal cord
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central nervous system
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coordination of all body activities
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brain
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found within the vertebral column
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spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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consists of the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves
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12 pairs
arise directly from the brain |
cranial nerves
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31 pairs
arise from the spinal cord |
spinal nerves
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3 divisions of the PNS
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somatic nervous system
enteric nervous system autonomic nervous system |
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monitors and regulates the ctivity of th skeletal muscles
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somatic nervous system
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monitors and regulates the activity of the digestive system
"brain of the gut" |
enteric nervous system
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monitors and regulates all the automatic functions that take place withing the body
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autonomic nervous system
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2 divisions of the Autonomic nervous system
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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the division of the ANS that is involved with 'flight or flight" response
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sympathetic nervous system
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the division of the ANS that is responsible for "rest and digest" response
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parasympathetic system
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responsible for most of the specialized functions of th enervous system
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neurons
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ability of a neuron to respond to a stumulus
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irritability
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ability of a neuron to transmit an electrical signal when properly stimulated
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electrical excitability
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the main part of a neuron
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cell body
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the input prtion of a neuron
*receives action potentials from receptors and other neurons and carry them to the cell body |
dendrites
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the output portion of a neuron
*transmits action potentials to an effector or anothe neuron |
axons
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connect one neuron to another or to an effector in the body
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synaptic end bulbs
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the cells responsible for supporting and assisting the neurons
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neuroglial cells
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star shaped cells that possess multiple processes and the largest and most numerous of the neuroglia
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astrocytes
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neuroglial cells that form the myelin sheath around axons found only in the PNS
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schwann cells
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small gaps found in the myelin sheath
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nodes of ranvier
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neuroglial cells that form the myelin sheath around axons found in the cns
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oligodendrocytes
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