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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the ability of a cell to respond to a particular hormone depends on the presence of this
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specific protein receptor
(located either on its cell membrane of within its interior) |
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what are the major functions of the endocrine system?
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regulates water and electrolyte balance
regulates organic metabolism and nutrient levels int he blood controls reproduction, growth, and development prepares body to cop with stress and emergencies regulates digestive processes regulates RBC production |
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what are the 2 chemical classifications of hormones
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peptides and steroids
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describe peptide hormones
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chains of amino acids
soluble in water but not soluble to lipids use 2nd messenger system to get through lipid bilayer of cell. |
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describe amino acid derivatives
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derived from amino acid tyrosine. includes hormones from the adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and dopamine. Known as catecholamines. water soluble and lipid insoluble
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describe steroid hormones
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derived from cholesterol
includes hormones from the adrenal corex (aldosterone, crotisol), and the gonads. insoluble in water but very solube in lipids so can diffuse through cell membranes |
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what are the categories of hormonal release
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humoral
hormonal neural mechanical |
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describe humoral hormone release
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through blood
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describe hormonal hormone release
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endocrine glands release hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs
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describe neural hormone release
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nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
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the anterior and posterior pituitary together is called
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hypophysis
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what hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete
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oxytocin
ADH |
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what hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete
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TSH
ACTH Prolactin GH LH FSH |
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what does a hormone being tropic mean?
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they control the release of other hormones from other endocrine glands
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what are the hormones of the pancreas
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insulin and glucagon
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the main hormone of the absorptive period
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insulin
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the main hormone of the post absorptive period
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glucagon
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when is absorptive period
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immediately following a mean
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when is post absorptive period
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time in between meals when no new glucose is being added to bloodstream from digestive tract
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which cells produce insulin
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beta cells
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which cells produce glucagon
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alpha cells
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what is the major stimulus for insulin
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rising blood glucose concentration
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what is the major stimulus for glucagon
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decreasing blood sugar levels
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what does glucagon do during the post absorptive period
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keeps blood glucose levels up
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what body functions does TH affect?
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thyroid gland
t4 converted to t3 increases metabolic rate of tissues (increase in O2 consumption and heat production) is essential for bone growth and the development of the nervous system. |
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what happens if there is a decrease of TH in fetal period
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creatinism
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what body functions does ACTH affect?
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adrenal cortex
cortisol metabolic actions and stress response |
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what body functions does Prolactin affect?
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mammary glands
breast growth and milk secretion |
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what body functions does Growth Hormone affect?
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liver/many tissues
Somatomedins (insulin growth factors) growth of bone and soft tissue |
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what are somatomedins
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insulin growth factors
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what does LH affect in the body
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gonads
sex hormone secretion estrogen and progesterone in females, testosterone in males |
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what does FSH affect in the body
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gonads
gamete production (ova in females, sperm in males) |
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what does ADH do
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increases H2O reabsorption in kidneys, means no pee
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what does oxytocin do
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release of milk from mammary glands
stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in uterus to enhance labor |
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what do parathyroid glands do
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regulate calcium metabolism
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what are the 3 hormones of the adrenal cortex
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mineralocorticoids (aldoesterone) influences mineral balance
Androgens (may maintain sex drive in females) glucocorticoids (cortisol) |
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what does cotisol do in the body
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helps regulate carbohydrates, fat, protein metabolism and is important in body's ability to adapt to stress
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what are endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla
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chromaffin cells
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what do chromaffin cells release
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epinepherine and norepinepherine
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the effect of insulin on glucose with cells
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stimulates glucose uptake into cells
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the effect of glucagon on glucose with cells
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stimulates glucose to get out of cells
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hyperthyroidsm causes this
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grave's disease
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hypersecretion of the adrenal gland causes
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cushing's sundrome, aldosteronism, andrenogenital syndrome
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what does the pineal gland secrete
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melatonin
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the major organs that degrade hormones
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liver and kidneys
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what is permissiveness
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hormone that can't exert full effects without the presence of another hormone
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what is synergism
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when 2 or more hormones produce the same effects in a target cell and their results are amplified
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what is antagonism
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when a hormone opposes or reverses the effect of another hormone
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insulin and glucagon regulate this
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glucose levels in absorptive period and post absorptive period
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TSH targets what
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thyroid gland
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ACTH targets what
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Adrenal Crotex
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Prolactin targets what
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mammary glands
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GH targets what
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liver and many tissues
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LH and FSH target what
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gonads
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growth hormone is secreted by these cells
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somatotrophs
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what does GH promote?
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protein synthesis and encourages the use of fats for fule, which conserves glucose
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most growth promoting effects of GH are mediated by this
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insulin like growth factors (somatomedins)
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what do IGF's do
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stimulate uptake of aa from blood
stimulate uptake of sulfur |
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GH decreases this
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the rate of flucose uptake and metabolism
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what does growth hormone inhibiting hormone inhibit
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growth hormone releasing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, gastrointestinal and pancreatic secretions
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PTH release is triggered by what
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falling blood Ca levels
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calcitonin is secreted by this
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thyroid gland
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aldosterone is secreted by this
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the adrenal gland
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FSH and LH are
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gonadotropins
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Cortisol is a
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glucocorticoid
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Androgens are
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Gonadocorticoids
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aldosterone is a
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minearocorticoid
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gonadotrophins regulate
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functions of gonads in both sexes
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glucocorticoids do this
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increase blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and AA during stress
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Androgens do this
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produce masculinizing effects hen produced in large quantities
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Mineralocorticoids do this
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regulate Na reabsorption by the kidneys and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels
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what is the site for sperm storage and maturation
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epididymis
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an erection is controlled by which part of the ANS
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parasympathetic
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ejaculation is controlled by which part of the ANS
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sympathetic
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what is the production of male gametes called
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spermatogenesis
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spermatogonia divide by this
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mitosis
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primary spermocytes divide by this
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meiosis
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secondary spermatocytes divide by this
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meiosis
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name order of becoming sperm
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spermatogonia
primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte spermatid sperm |
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name of female cycle day 1-14
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follicular phase
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name of female cycle day 14-28
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luteal phase
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what does the corpus luteum produce
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progesterone and estrogen
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if fertilization doesn't occur, how long does it take the corpus luteum to degenerate
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10 days
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GnRH stimulates what to be released
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LH and FSH
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Levels of what rise to cause proliferation in the female cycle
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estrogen
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hormone that makes cervical fluid viscious
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what does GnRH stand for
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what does GnRH stand for
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gonadotrophin releasing hormone
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what must the sperm first penetrate at an egg
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corona radiata, then zona pellucida
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how many chromosomes in diploid
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46
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how many chromosomes in haploid
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23
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name for when testes dont drop
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cryptorchidism
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sertoli cells produce this to bind and hold onto testosterone
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androgen binding protein
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sertoli cells secrete these to stimulate and guide spermatogenesis
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paracrines
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2 layers of the endometrium
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stratum basalis and stratum functionalis
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growth of endometrial tissue outside uterus
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endometriosis
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what is converted into lactic acid in female to keep vagina free of bacteria
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glycogen
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what does ectopic pregnancy mean
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implantation of egg anywhere than the uterus
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the follicular phase and luteal phase are separated by this
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ovulation
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what happens around day 7 of ovarian cycle
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1 follicle becomes dormant
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when a dominant follicle is selected what happens to LH? FSH?
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LH increases and FSH decreases
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concentrations of these during phase of dominant follicle inhibit the relase of GnRH FSH and LH
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estrogen and progesterone
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high levels of what cause LH surge
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estrogen
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why don't new follicles form during luteal phase
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high progesterone and estrogen levels
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why does the corpus luteum degenerate
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low levels of LH
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High estrogen levels cause mucus to do what
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be thin and watery
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sex must occur when to get prgnant
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no more than 4-6 days prior and 24 hrs after
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what supports the corpus luteum until 2-3 months of pregnancy
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hCG
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what builds up the myometrium
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estrogen
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what inhibits the contaction of myometrial SM
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progesterone
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what are the gonadotrophins
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FSH and LH
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Gametes contain how many chromosomes
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23
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when do testes descend
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7th month of fetal life
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degenerating follicles that began to enlarge during follicular phase is called
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atresia
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these constrict the spiral arteries
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prostaglandins... formed as progesterone and estrogen levels fall
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the type of neurons that release hormones in hypthalamus
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neurosecretory
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what is a portal system
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vascular arrangement where venous blood flows directly from one capillary bed to another
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