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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spare the rod...
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"Spare the rod, spoil the child"
By Daniel Defoe Hit the kid! Parents job to break the will of the child Obedience valued Harsh discipline |
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Edward Jenner
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1749-1823
Smallpox vaccine Foundation for science of immunology Innoculating people with cowpox would control onset of smallpox |
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Pietism
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(German)
Reaction against rational religion of Enlightnment, challenge to traditional established churches "Reborn" Christians, Bible reading |
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John Wesley
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founded Methodism
preached in large fields in coutryside |
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Methodism
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Influenced by Pietism, rejected predestination
Popular to poor, large crowds in countryside Hope, free will, universal salvation |
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Copernicus
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14173-1543
"On revolutions of HEavenly Spheres" Heliocenetrism (Copernican Theory) Did not challenge Church Doctrine New World View |
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Tycho Brahe
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1546-1601
Europe's leading astronomer in 16th Century Best observatory in EUrope, collected massive data used for centuries Geocentric |
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Johannes Keplar
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1571-1630
Asisstant to Brahe First great Protestant sceitntist Mathematically proved Copernican theory 3 laws of planetary motion |
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3 Laws of Planetary motion
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planetary orbits elliptical
do not move in uniform speed in orbits orbit speed is inversely proportional to distance from sun |
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Galilei Galileo
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1564-1642
3 laws of motion Law of Inertia Validated Copernicus' heliocentriv view with aid of telescope 4 moons of Juipter "Dialougue Concerning 2 Chief World Systems" got by Italian Inquisition |
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telescope
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developed by Galileo
scientific instrument used to validate Copernican theory |
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Francis Bacon
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1561-1625
Empirical method (used by Brahe) Inductive Method |
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Inductive Method
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Observation, hypothessis, experiment, data
Developed by Francis bacon |
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Empiricism
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Francis Bacon
Data, facts, observable Inductive method |
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Rene Descartes
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1596-1650
"Discourse on Method" Deductive reasoning "Cogito Ergo Sum" Cartesian Dualism Analytical geometry |
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Deductive reasoning
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logic, developed by Rene Descartes
clear factys subdivided into many parts, logical sequence |
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Cogito ergo sum
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Rene Descartes
I think therefore I am |
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Cartesian Dualism
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Existence divided into spiritual, material
Spiritual: deductive, logic Material: inductive, experiments |
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Scientific Method
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Bacon's inductive method AND Descartes Deductive Method
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Sir Isaac Newton
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1642-1727
Principles of Universtal Gravitation Used astronomy of Copernicus and Keplar with physica os Galileo to create to expalin order and design of the universe "Principia" Calculus |
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Principia
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1687
"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" By Isaac Newton greatest book on science ever written |
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Principles of Universal Gravitation
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natural laws of motion are evident in movement of heavenly bodies and earthly objects
Newton developed set of mathematical principles to explain motion: GOD not needed to expalin forces of nature |
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Vesalius
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"Structure of the Human Body"
1543 Modernized study of anatomy |
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Harvey
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"On the Movement of the HEart and Blood"
1628 Blood pumped by heart, circulated throughout body |
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Van Leeuwenhoek
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father of microscopy
first to find and write about bacteria, yeast in a drop of water |
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Royal Society
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of England (1660) most successful
Governments and monarch encourage scientific inquiry, prestige of state, cutting edge of technology Scientists have oppotunities to forge international scientific societies |
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Scientific Revolution
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No conflict between science and religion
Studying God's creation Scientific inquiry WOOO Navigation problems/renaissance, Gresham College cause it |
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Enlightenment
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Scientific Revolution applied to humanities
Secular world view Science, reason could explain ALL aspects of life Intellect apart from God |
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Deism
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Religious arm of Enlightenment
Existence of God, rational explanation of universe Natural Law God=clockmaker Education: key to progress |
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Heliocentric Theory
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Copernican Theory
New World View Sun center of universe (not Geocentric) |
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John Locke
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1632-1704
"Two Treatises of Civil Government": divil defense for Glorious revolution State of nature: humans basically good "Essay Concerning Human Understanding": importance of environment on individual tabula rasa |
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"Two Treatises of Civil Government"
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John Lock
1690 Philosophical defense for Glorious Revolution State of nature: human basically good, need protection |
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"Essay Concerning Human Understanding"
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1690
importance of environment on the individual education seen as key tabula rasa: human blank slate John Locke |
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tabula rasa
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human mind born as blank slate, registers input from senses, no instinct
from John Locke in "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" |
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philosophes
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committed to fundamental social reform
not professional philosophers, successfully popularized them radicaly optimistic |
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Voltaire
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most important: incorporated by monarchs living in HIS time
Sharp criticism, ridicule on those who disagreed HUGE critic of Catholic CHurch Secular education, reason key to progress "ecracsez infame": (crush the infamous thing) regarding Catholic Church |
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Montesquieu
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1689-1755
French noble, hated Louis XIV "Spirit of the Laws" called for separation of powers in government: 3 branches, checks and balances Favored British system |
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Spirit of the Laws
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1748
written by Montesquieu about separation of powers in 3 branches |
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Rosseau
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1712-1788
Social Contract 1762: too much emphasis on property, not oneople Generil Will: consensus of the majority should control a nation (democracy) used by dictators "noble savage" |
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Social Contract
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developed by Rosseau in 1762
Too much emphasis on property, not on people, social injustice General Will: consensus of the majority should control a nation |
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Diderot
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philosophe
"The Encyclopedia" in 1765 Think critically, objectively Collection of political/social critiques from various authors and Enlightenment philosophers Index of Forbidden Books by Pope, banned in France |
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The Encyclopedia
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Collection of political/social critiques from various authors and Enlightenment philosophers
Index of Forbidden Books by Pope, banned in France |
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Beccaria
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Italian
"On Crimes and Punishment" 1764 Humanize criminal law Punishment should fit the crime, not based on religious concept of sin Opposed death penalty and torture Influenced Enlightened Despots |
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physiocrats
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Economists of enlightenment
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Quesnay
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1694-1774
Head of French physiocrat opposed mercantilism: laissez faire in agriculture |
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Adam Smith
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1727-1790
1776: "Wealth of Nations" Laissez faire |
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Wealth of Nations
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1776 by Adam Smith
Bible of capitalism Government completely hands off = laissez faire |
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Salon Movement
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britest in Enlightenment gather to discuss issues
hosted by wealthy women who took part and were patrons Madame de Geoffren Louise de Warens |
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Mary Wollestonecraft
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England, promoted political, educational equality for women
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Paul d'Holbach
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Baron
"System of Nature" Humans like machines, our behavior completely determined by outside forces= DETERMINISM atheist, undermined Enlightenment |
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David Hume
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undermined emphasis on Reason
argued against faith in nautrtal law and faith in religion human ideas result of sensory experience, reason can't go beyond what's experienced in the senses |
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Jean de Condocet
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1743-1794
"Progress of Human Mind" 9 Stages of human progress that had occurred, 10th would bring perfection utopian ideas undermined enlightenment |
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Immanuel Kant
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German philosopher
separated science and morality science can describe nature, not provide guide for morality CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE: intuitive instinct in human conscience ethical sense, aesthetic appreciation beyond reason |
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Classical Liberalism
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political outgrowth of Enlightenment
liberty of individual, equality before law (not democracy) laissez-faire religious toleration freedom of speech/press |
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German Pietism
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spiritual conversion, personal religious experience
back to faith in reaction to rational religion |
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Methodism
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by John Wesley
taught that humans needed spiritual regeneration and moral life would demonstrate that one was "born again" |
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John Wesley
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founder of Methodism
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Jansenism
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Catholic sect in France who had incorporated predestination into their beliefs, persecuted by Louis XIV
argued against ideas of impersonal GOD |
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Enlightened Despotism
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encouraged to adopt reforms to promote good of people
believed people were incapable of ruling themselves reforms, to differing degrees: religious toleration streamlined legal codes increased access to education less torture and capital punishment |
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Frederick the Great
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Prussia 1740-1786
considered French learning to be superior patronized Voltaire Musician and poet at war for first 23 years of reign |
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War of Austrian Succession
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Frederick invaded and annexed Silesia (part of Hapsburg empire) violated Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 which recognized Maria Theresa
Prussia defeats Austria Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: Prussia gained Silesia, doubled size of Prussia's population |
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Silesia
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gained by Frederick of Prussia in War of Austrian Succession
Treat of Aix-la-Chappelle: Prussia gained it Doubled size of Prussian population |
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The Seven Years' War
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1756-1763
French and Indian War in America Maria Theresa wants to regain Silesia, conquer Prussia Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 Austria France and Russia vs Prussia and England Going to succeed until Peter III of Russia ruins everything |
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Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
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part of Seven Years' War
France and Austria, traditionally enemies, now allied against Prussia Britain allies with Prussia Russia usually ally of Britain, now enemies |
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Treat of Paris 1763
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End of 7 Years War
Prussia keeps Silesia France lost all New World possession to England Britain gains territory in India |
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"First Servant of the State"
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Frederick called himself this in Prussia, though he remained an absolutist
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Catherine the Great
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Great European ruler, least enlightened of Enlightened Despots
German princes, queen after death of Peter III (ended 7 Years War) assassinated with help of lover Mortimor SEXY SEX SEX MACHINE Refused to speak German, Russian in court, only French "Daughter of the Enlightenment" western culture into Russia |
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Pugachev Rebellion
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1773
Cossack rebellion, serf uprising Catherine needed support of nobles to beat them, gave them absolute control over serfs Serfdom extended to new areas |
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Noble Savage
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Rosseau thinks that civilization has made men bad, that we need nature
(falsish) Norris says it was coined by Rosseau but wikipedia says it wasn't =0 |
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Maria Theresa
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1740-1780
Not Enlightened Despot Charles VI and PRagmatic Sanction of 1713 Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia Kind to peasants Increased army Reduced conflicts between provinces within empire Took control of Austrian Church |
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Joseph II
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1780-1790
Coregent of mother (Maria Theresa) 1770-1780 Abolished serfdom in 1781 Edict of Idle Institutions Parks, gardens open German official language Abolished torture, ended death penalty |
