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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chemistry |
The science of change |
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Matter |
Has mass, takes up space, is made up of atoms |
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What are the subatomic particles |
Protons Neutrons Electrons |
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Atomic # equals? |
Number of protons |
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Nucleus |
Contains protons and neutrons |
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Electron cloud |
Contains the electrons |
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How are elements determined? |
By the atomic number of an atom |
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What is an isotope |
Specific version of an element based on its mass number |
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Mass number equals? |
Number of protons plus the number of neutrons |
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Atomic weight |
Exact mass of all particles measured in moles |
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Chemical bonds |
Involve the sharing gaining and losing of electrons in the valence shell and form molecules and/or compounds |
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3 major types of chemical bonds |
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen |
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Ionic bonds |
Attraction between cations (electron donor) and anions (electron accepter) |
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Covalent bonds |
Strong electron bonds involving shared electrons. |
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Hydrogen bonds |
Weak polar bonds based on partial electrical attractions |
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Molecules |
2 or more atoms joined by strong bonds H2 |
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Compounds |
2 or more atoms of DIFFERENT ELEMENTS joined by a bond Ex: H2O |
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Chemical reactions |
New bonds are formed or existing bonds are broken |
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What makes up a chemical reaction? |
Reactants Products Metabolism |
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4 types of chemical reactions |
Decomposition (catabolism) Sythesis (anabolism) Exchange Reversible |
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What happens in a decomposition reaction? |
Breaks chemical bonds AB➡A + B |
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What happens in a synthesis reaction? |
Forms chemical bonds A + B➡AB |
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What happens in an exchange reaction? |
Involves decomposition first then synthesis AB + CD ➡ AD + CB |
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What happnes in a reversible reaction? |
at equilibrium the amounts of chemicals do not change even though the reactions are still occuring A + B ↔ AB |
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Activation energy |
The amount of energy needed to get the reaction started |
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Enzymes |
Catalysts that lower activation energy of reactions |
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Exergonic (exothermic) |
Produce more energy than they use |
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Endergonic (endothermic) |
Use more energy than they produce |
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Nutrients |
Essential molecules obtained from food |
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Metabolites |
Molecules made or broken down in the body |
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Inorganic compounds |
Molecules not based on carbon or hydrogen Ex. CO2, oxygen, water |
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Organic compounds |
Molecules based on carbon or hydrogen Ex. Carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids |
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Solution |
A uniform mixture of two or more substances |
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Solute |
Dispersed into the solvent, the ones being dissolved |
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Uses of water |
Solubility Reactivity High heat capacity Lubrication |
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Electrolytes |
Inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution |
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Hydrophilic |
Interacts with water, includes ions and polar molecules |
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Hydrophobic |
Does not interact with water Includes nonpolar molecules, fats and oils |
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Colloid |
A solution of very large organic molecules Ex blood plasma |
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Suspension |
A solution in which particles settle Ex blood, or sand in water |
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Concentration |
The amount of solute in a solvent |
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pH |
The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
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Acidic |
Lower than 7 High H Low OH |
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Basic |
Higher than 7 Low H High OH |
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Examples of acids |
Stomach acid Milk Tomatoes Wine |
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Examples of bases |
Oven cleaner Eggs Bleach Ammonia |
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Acid |
A solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solutions Proton donor |
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Base |
A solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution Proton acceptor |
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Salts |
Solutes that dissociate into cations and anions other than hydrogen ions |
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Buffers |
Weak acid/salt compounds Neutralize strong acid/base |
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Organic molecules |
Contain H,C and usually O Covalently bonded Contain functional groups that determine chemistry |
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Examples of organic molecules |
Carbs, lipids, protiens, nucleic acids |
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Carbohydrates |
Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio |
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Monosaccharides |
Simple sugars with 3 to 7 atoms Glucose, fructose, galactose |
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Disaccharides |
Two simple sugars condescend by dehydration synthesis Sucrose, maltose |
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Polysaccharides |
Many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis Glycogen, starch, cellulose |
