A&p Chapter 1

Front 1

Levels of Organization:

Back 1

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, cell,tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Front 2

Define how an organelle fits within the levels of organization.

Back 2

An organelle consists of aggregates of macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and are found within the cell.

Front 3

What is the basic unit of structure and function in an organism?

Back 3

The cell

Front 4

Name the Characteristics of Life:

Back 4

Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion,absorption,circulation, assimilation, excretion

Front 5

Define:

Movement

Back 5

Change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ

Front 6

Define:
Responsiveness

Back 6

Reaction to a change inside or outside the body.

Front 7

Define:
Growth

Back 7

Increase in body size without change in shape.

Front 8

Define:
Reproduction

Back 8

Production of new organisms and new cells.

Front 9

Define:
Respiration

Back 9

Obtaining oxygen, removing CO2, and releasing energy from foods (some forms of life do not use O2 in respiration.

Front 10

Define:
Digestion

Back 10

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used.

Front 11

Define:
Absorption

Back 11

passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids.

Front 12

Define:
Circulation

Back 12

movement of substances in body fluids.

Front 13

Define:
Assimilation

Back 13

Changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms.

Front 14

Define:
Excretion

Back 14

Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.

Front 15

List the requirements of organisms.

Back 15

Water, Food (nutrients), Oxygen, Heat, Pressure

Front 16

Define:
Homeostasis

Back 16

maintaining the conditions of a stable internal environment.

Front 17

List Homeostatic Mechanisms.

Back 17

Receptors-measure deviations from a set point

Set Point--defines what a value should be.

Effectors--cause response that alter conditions in the internal environment.

Front 18

Give examples of negative feedback.

Back 18

Body temp., Blood pressure,

Front 19

Give examples of positive feedback.

Back 19

Clotting, uterine contractions during labor.

Front 20

Name 2 major divisions of the Human Body.

Back 20

Axial--Head, neck, trunk

Appendicular--upper and lower limbs

Front 21

List the axial body cavities.

Back 21

cranial, vertebral canal, thoracic (T), abdominopelvic (A) (abdominal just beneath diaphragm + pelvic enclosed by hip bones). Organs within T+A are called viscera.

Front 22

What is the broad, thin muscle seperating the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity called?

Back 22

Diaphragm.

Front 23

List the regions of the thoracic cavity:

Back 23

Right Pleural Cavity, Left Pleural Cavity, Mediastinum, Pericardial cavity

Front 24

Name the viscera in the Mediastinum region of the thoracic cavity.

Back 24

Heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus . . .

Front 25

List the viscera in the abdominal cavity.

Back 25

stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys small and large intestines.

Front 26

List the smaller cavities of the head.

Back 26

oral
nasal
divided into l.& r. by septum
conected to frontal and
spenoidal sinuses
orbital
middle ear

Front 27

List the organs of the pelvic cavity

Back 27

Terminal portion of the large intestine
Urinary bladder
internal reproductive organs

Front 28

Describe parietal vs. visceral membrane.

Back 28

The parietal membrane is the outer membrane, while the visceral is the deeper membrane closest to the organ it covers.

Front 29

list the membranes of the thorax.

Back 29

Parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura

Parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, Visceral pericardium.

Front 30

List the membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Back 30

Pleural peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, visceral peritoneum.

Front 31

List organs of the integumentary system

Back 31

hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.

Front 32

Define the function of the integumentary system.

Back 32

Protect underlying tissue, help regulate body temp. house sensory receptors, synthesize certain products.

Front 33

List components of Skeletal system.

Back 33

Bones, cartilage, ligaments

Front 34

Describe function of the Skeletal system.

Back 34

provide framework, protect softer tissue, store inorganic salts, house blood forming tissue

Front 35

Describe the function of the muscle system.

Back 35

provide forces to move body parts, maintain posture and are the main source of body heat.

Front 36

List the components of the nervous system.

Back 36

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs.

Front 37

List the organs of the endocrine system.

Back 37

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus.

Front 38

Describe the function of the endocrine system.

Back 38

Glands within the endocrine system secrete hormones, which alters the metabolism of its target cells. Hormone effects occur over a relatively long period of time.

Front 39

List components of the cardiovascular system.

Back 39

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood.

Front 40

List components of lymphatic system.

Back 40

lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, speen, lymphocytes.

Front 41

List the components of the digestive system.

Back 41

mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine

Front 42

List the parts of the respiratory system.

Back 42

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Front 43

Name the parts of the urinary system.

Back 43

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Front 44

Describe the role of the urinary system.

Back 44

remove wastes from the blood, maintain water and electrolyte concentrations, and the acidity of the internal environment.

Front 45

List the parts of the male and female reproductive system.

Back 45

Male
scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, penis, urethra, spermatozoa
Female
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

Front 46

Define anatomical position.

Back 46

body is standing erect, face forward, with upper limbs at the sides and the palms forward.

Front 47

Relative Positions
Define:
Superior

Back 47

means that a body part is above another part or closer to the head. ( The thoracic cavity is superior to the abdominopelvic cavity.)

Front 48

Relative Positions
Define:
Inferior

Back 48

means that the body part is below another body part or is towards the feet. (The neck is inferior to the head)

Front 49

Relative Positions
Define:
Anterior

Back 49

means toward the front (The eyes are anterior to the brain.)

Front 50

Relative Positions
Define:
Posterior

Back 50

means toward the back. (the pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity).

Front 51

Relative positions
Define:
Medial

Back 51

refers to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal left and right halves. A body part is medial if it is closer to this midline than another part. (The nose is medial to the eyes).

Front 52

Relative Position
Define:
Lateral

Back 52

means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline. (The ears are lateral to the eyes.)

Front 53

Relative position
Define:
Bilateral

Back 53

refers to paired structures, one of which is on each side of the midline. (The lungs are bilateral.)

Front 54

Relative Position
Define
Ipsilateral

Back 54

refers to structures on the same side. (The left lung and the left kidney are ipsilateral.)

Front 55

Relative Position
Define:
Contralateral

Back 55

refers to structures on the opposite side. (A patient with a fractured leg would have to bear weight on the contralateral lower limb.)

Front 56

Relative Position
Define:
Proximal

Back 56

describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part. (The elbow is proximal to the wrist.) May also refer to another reference point such as the proximal tubule, which is closer to the filtering structure in the kidney.

Front 57

Relative Positions
Define:
Distal

Back 57

Means that a body part is farther away from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part. (The fingers are distal to the wrist.) Distal may also refer to another reference point, such as decreased blood flow distal to occlusion of a coronary artery.

Front 58

Relative Positions
Define:
Superficial

Back 58

means situated near the surface. (The epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin.)

Front 59

Relative Positions
Define:
Peripheral

Back 59

also means outward or near the surface. It describes the location of certain blood vessels and nerves.

Front 60

Relative Positions
Define
Deep

Back 60

describes the parts that are more internal than superficial parts. (The dermis is the deep layer of skin.)

Front 61

Relative Positions
Define
Deep

Back 61

describes the parts that are more internal than superficial parts. (The dermis is the deep layer of skin.)

Front 62

Body Sections
Define:
Sagittal

Back 62

refers to a lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left portions. Midsagittal passes along midline and divides body into equal parts. parasagittal is a section lateral to the midline.

Front 63

Body Sections
Define:
Transverse

Back 63

a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

Front 64

Body Sections
Define:
Coronal

Back 64

Or Frontal divides the body into anterior or posterior portions.

Front 65

Name the nine regions of the abdomen.

Back 65

R. Hypochondriac, Epigastric, L. Hypochondriac
R. Lumbar, Umbilical, L.Lumbar
R. Iliac, Hypogastric, L. Iliac

Front 66

Locate:
abdominal

Back 66

between thorax and pelvis

Front 67

Locate:
Acromial

Back 67

point of shoulder

Front 68

Locate:
Antebrachial

Back 68

Forearm

Front 69

Locate:
Antecubital

Back 69

space in front of elbow

Front 70

Locate:
Axillary

Back 70

the armpit

Front 71

Locate:
Brachial

Back 71

the arm

Front 72

Locate:
Buccal

Back 72

Cheek

Front 73

Locate:
Carpal

Back 73

Wrist

Front 74

Locate:
Celiac

Back 74

abdomen

Front 75

Locate:
cephalic

Back 75

Head

Front 76

Locate:
Cervical

Back 76

neck

Front 77

Locate:
costal

Back 77

ribs

Front 78

Locate:
Coxal

Back 78

Hip

Front 79

Locate:
Crural

Back 79

Leg

Front 80

Locate:
Cubital

Back 80

Elbow

Front 81

Locate:
digital

Back 81

Finger

Front 82

Locate:
Dorsal

Back 82

Back

Front 83

Locate:
Femoral

Back 83

Thigh

Front 84

Locate:
Frontal

Back 84

Forehead

Front 85

Locate:
Genital

Back 85

reproductive organs

Front 86

Locate:
gluteal

Back 86

Buttocks

Front 87

Locate:
Inguinal

Back 87

Groin

Front 88

Locate:
Lumbar

Back 88

lower back between ribs and pelvis

Front 89

Locate:
Mammary

Back 89

Breast

Front 90

Locate:
Mental

Back 90

Chin

Front 91

Locate:
Nasal

Back 91

Nose

Front 92

Locate:
Occipital

Back 92

Lower posterior region of the head.

Front 93

Locate:
Oral

Back 93

Mouth

Front 94

Locate:
Orbital

Back 94

eye cavity

Front 95

Locate:
otic

Back 95

ear

Front 96

Locate:
Palmar

Back 96

palm of hand

Front 97

Locate:
Patellar

Back 97

front of knee

Front 98

Locate:
Pectoral

Back 98

Chest

Front 99

Locate:
Pedal

Back 99

Foot

Front 100

Locate:
Perineal

Back 100

region between anus and external reproductive organs

Front 101

Locate:
Plantar

Back 101

sole of foot

Front 102

Locate:
popliteal

Back 102

behind knee

Front 103

Locate:
Sacral

Back 103

posterior region between hip bones

Front 104

Locate:
Sternal

Back 104

anterior middle of thorax

Front 105

Locate:
Sural

Back 105

Calf

Front 106

Locate:
Tarsal

Back 106

foot instep

Front 107

Locate:
Umbilical

Back 107

naval

Front 108

Locate:
Vertebral

Back 108

Spinal Column