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193 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three components of the cardiovascular system.
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- fluid = blood - pump = heart - conducting tubes = blood vessels |
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The cardiovascular system is _____, meaning that it intends to keep its contents within it.
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closed
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Three examples of blood vessels.
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- capillaries - arteries - veins |
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Blood transports these 5 substances, among others.
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- oxygen - carbon dioxide - nutrients - hormones - waste |
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Blood regulates _____ and _____ by absorbing and neutralizing acids.
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pH, ion composition
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Blood restricts fluid loss at injury sites using this process.
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clotting/coagulation
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Blood helps to defend against toxins and pathogens using these two substances.
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- white blood cells (leukocytes) - antibodies |
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Blood helps to stabilize temperature via these two functions.
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- absorbing heat - redistributing blood flow |
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The only fluid connective tissue in the body.
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blood
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Living cells in the blood.
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- erythrocytes - leukocytes - platelets |
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erythrocytes
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red blood cells
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leukocytes
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white blood cells
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Non-living matrix of the blood.
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plasma
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Blood is made up of approximately _____% erythrocytes (RBCs).
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45%
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Blood is made up of approximately _____% plasma.
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55%
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Blood is made up of approximately ____% white blood cells and platelets.
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less than 1%
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Average male blood volume.
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5-6 L
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Average female blood volume.
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4-5 L
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Blood is approximately _____ times thicker than water.
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5
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Oxygen rich blood is this colour.
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scarlet, bright red
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Oxygen poor blood is this colour.
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dull red, blueish
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Blood has a _____ and _____ taste.
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salty, metallic
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Normal blood Ph.
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7.34-7.45
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Normal blood temperature.
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38 C or 100.4 F
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This is the process of spinning blood very quickly to separate its components.
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centrifuge
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When spun in centrifugation, blood forms these three layers.
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- erythrocytes - buffy coat - plasma |
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These sink to the bottom when blood is centrifuged.
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erythrocytes (RBCs)
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This measures the volume of erythrocytes (RBCs) over the total volume of blood.
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hematocrit
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This straw colored fluid rises to the top when blood is centrifuged.
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plasma
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The buffy coat in centrifuged blood consists of these two components.
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- leukocytes - platelets/thrombocytes |
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The middle layer in centrifuged blood, consisting of leukocytes and thrombocytes (platelets).
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buffy coat
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Another name for platelets.
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thrombocytes
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This fluid contains over 100 substances, including proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, and wastes.
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blood plasma
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This forms approximately 55% of whole blood volume.
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plasma
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Organic molecules differ from inorganic molecules because they contain this element.
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carbon
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This substance is composed of 97% water, 7% proteins, and 1% other solutes.
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blood plasma
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The three formed elements in blood.
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- erythrocytes - leukocytes - platelets |
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The 5 types of leukocytes.
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- lymphocytes - monocytes - eosinophils - basophils - neutrophils |
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The three common plasma proteins.
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- almbumin - fibrinogen - globulins |
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The six most common salts/electrolytes in blood plasma.
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- sodium - potassium - calcium - magnesium - chloride - bicarbonate |
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Electrolytes/salts in blood plasma perform these three functions.
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- osmotic balance - pH buffering - regulation of membrane permeability |
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Lifespan of an erythrocyte (RBC)
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120 days
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Lifespan of a platelet/thrombocyte.
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9 days
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The lifespan of these cells varies greatly.
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WBCs/leukocytes
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This plasma protein is made in the liver and regulates osmotic pressure, keeps water in the blood stream, and regulates fluid volume with assistance from pH.
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albumin
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These clotting proteins/clotting factors help prevent blood loss when a blood vessel is injured.
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- fibrinogen - prothrombin |
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These globulins help protect the body from pathogens.
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antibodies
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These globulins carry lipids.
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HDL and LDL cholesterol
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bad cholesterol
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low density lipoproteins (LDL)
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good cholesterol
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high density lipoproteins (HDL)
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Women have more of this good cholesterol until menopause due to presence of this hormone.
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HDL (high density lipoprotein), estrogen
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Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, and ammonium ions are examples of these plasma solutes.
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organic wastes
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These three organic nutrients are examples of plasma solutes.
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- lipids - carbohydrates - amino acids |
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Erythrocytes per mm3 of blood.
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4-6 million
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Leukocytes per mm3 of blood.
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4,800-10,800
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Platelets per mm3 of blood.
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250,000-400,000
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Main function of erythrocytes (RBCs).
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carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide
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Normal hematocrit level.
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37-54%
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These cells account for about 1/3 of all cells in the human body.
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erythrocytes
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Oxygen binds to this substance in red blood cells for transport.
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hemoglobin
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This feature of red blood cells allows for faster exchange of oxygen.
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large surface area
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Flexibility of RBCs allows them to squeeze through capillaries about half their diameter, a feature that is disabled in this disease.
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sickle cell anemia
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This protein is abundant at the surface of RBCs and contains iron.
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hemoglobin
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One hemoglobin protein can bind ____ molecules of oxygen.
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4
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This measurement shows how much hemoglobin is carrying oxygen at a given time.
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oxygen saturation (O2 sat)
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These two substances do not fight for binding to hemoglobin as they bind in different areas.
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- oxygen - carbon dioxide |
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Each RBS has approximately _____ hemoglobin proteins.
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250 million
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Blood with oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
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oxyhemoglobin
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Blood with little oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
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deoxyhemoglobin
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Men have more _____ and more _____ in their blood, allowing them to carry more oxygen.
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- RBCs - hemoglobin |
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Three ways that RBCs are broken down:
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- plasma membrane rupture - engulfed by macrophages - broken down in liver, spleen, red bone marrow |
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Because erythrocytes are _____, they do not contain rna for ribosomes to create proteins from.
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anucleate
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These formed elements are crucial to the body's defense against disease. They circulate in the bloodstream for a short period and then migrate into loose and dense connective tissues.
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leukocytes
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This process guides WBCs to pathogens and damaged tissue by releasing specific chemical stimuli to attract them.
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positive chemotaxis
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These leukocytes are phagocytes that surround and destroy foreign substances by phagocytosis.
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- neutrophils - eosinophils - monocytes |
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Normal WBC levels.
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5,000-10,000/microlitre
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High levels (over 11,000) of WBCs in blood indicate:
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infection or inflammation
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Increased number of white blood cells/leukocytes.
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leukocytosis
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Low levels of white blood cells/leukocytes.
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leukopenia
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These two types of drugs destroy white blood cells.
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- chemotherapy - steroids |
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The two categories of leukocytes:
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- granulocytes - agranulocytes |
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These leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm.
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granulocytes
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These are important for chemotaxis and healing in granulocytes.
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granules in cytoplasm
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Three examples of granulocytes:
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- neutrophils - eosinophils - basophils |
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These leukocytes lack cytoplasmic granules.
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agranulocytes
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Two examples of agranulocytes.
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- lymphocytes - monocytes |
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Three examples of lymphocytes.
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- t cells - b cells - NK cells |
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Monocytes are an immature type of this cell.
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macrophages
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WBC's from most to least abundant:
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1. neutrophils/granulocytes 2. lymphocytes 3. monocytes 4. eosiniphils 5. basophils NLMEB - never let monkeys eat bananas |
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These neutrophils are very abundant but die as soon as they have performed their function once.
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phagocytes
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These granulocytes are the most common WBC. They account for approximately 50-70% of leukocytes.
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neutrophils
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The function of these leukocytes is phagocytosis and they are abundant in exudate.
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neutrophils
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These leukocytes have a lifespan of about 12 hours. Without them we can not fight infection. They are destroyed by chemotherapy.
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neutrophils
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This granulocyte plays a part in allergies and blood clotting.
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basophils
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These granulocytes account for less than 1% of white blood cells.
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basophils
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These leukocytes release histamine to activate inflammation.
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basophils
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This inflammatory chemical makes blood vessels leaky and leads to chemotaxis. It is the reason for swelling with inflammation and infection.
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histamine
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This anticoagulant is released by basophils so that the blood does not clot.
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heparin
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These account for approximately 2-4% of leukocytes.
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eosinophils
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These leukocytes secrete chemicals that destroy certain parasites or allergens.
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eosinophils
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Patients with either of these two conditions will have an elevated eosinophil count.
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- allergic reaction - parasitic infection |
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These account for 20-40% of leukocytes.
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lymphocytes
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B cells and T cells used in immunity are examples of this type of leukocyte.
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lymphocytes
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These are the largest white blood cells. They account for around 2-8% of leukocytes.
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monocytes
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These leukocytes mature into macrophages and can eat up old erythrocytes.
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monocytes
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These are fragments of cells that cling to broken blood vessels or tissues to help control blood loss.
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platelets/thrombocytes
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Levels of these will be raised in a patient with leukemia or lymphoma.
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platelets/thrombocytes
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Low numbers of these in the blood will cause excess bleeding. High numbers will cause clotting.
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platelets/thrombocytes
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This process occurs in bone marrow and is defined as blood cell formation.
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hematopoiesis
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Hematopoiesis occurs in these 6 common bone sites.
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- skull - pelvis - ribs - sternum - head of humerus - head of femur |
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Hematopoiesis is regulated by _____.
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hormones
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These 2 hormones prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes.
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- colony stimulating factors (CSFs) - interleukins |
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This hormone stimulates production of platelets.
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thrombopoietin
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This is released into plasma when oxygen levels are low.
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erythropoietin
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Low oxygen levels.
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hypoxia
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This substance stimulates stem cells in bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
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erythropoietin
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Anemia, declining blood flow to the kidneys, high altitude, and damage to the respiratory surface of the lungs can all cause this.
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hypoxia
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Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel.
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hemostasis
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blood clotting
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coagulation
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The three phases of hemostasis.
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- vascular spasms - platelet plug formation - coagulation |
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These cause vasoconstriction by localizing contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessel wall to reduce blood loss.
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vascular spasms
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This begins with attachment of platelets to sticky endothelial surfaces and basement membrane, exposed collagen fibers, and platelets.
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platelet plug formation
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These are released by platelets as positive feedback to attract more platelets to the site of injury.
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clotting factors
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Injured tissue triggers a clotting cascade. Conversion of prothrombin to _____ occurs by interaction with _____.
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thrombin, calcium
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_____ joins _____ proteins into hair-like molecules of insoluble fibrin during coagulation.
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thrombin, fibrinogen
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This forms a meshwork/net creating the basis for a blood clot.
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fibrin
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Through this process, blood loss is prevented when fibrous tissue moves in and seals a hole in a blood vessel.
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hemostasis
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This is a performance indicator of the efficacy of both the intrinsic (contact activation pathway) and the common coagulation pathways.
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PTT - partial thromboplastin time
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This performance indicator measured the efficacy of the extrinsic pathway (tissue factor pathway).
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PT - prothrombin time
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These two indicators are used in conjunction to measure how effectively clotting occurs.
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PTT - partial thromboplastin time PT - prothrombin time |
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This is the ratio of patients prothrombin time to a control sample.
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INR - international normalized ratio
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The process of a clot dissolving.
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fibrinolysis
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This begins with activation of plasminogen to plasmin.
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fibrinolysis/clot dissolution
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This substance will erode a clot. |
plasmin
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A loss of 15-30% of blood volume will result in this.
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- weakness - pallor |
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A loss of over 30% of blood volume will result in this.
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- shock - can be fatal |
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This is the only way to replace blood quickly.
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- transfusion
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Transfused blood must be of the same _____.
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blood group
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Each red blood cell contains genetically determined proteins called _____ that make each person unique.
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antigens
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This is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign, stimulating the immune system to release antibodies.
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antigen
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This response is recognition of a foreign substance by the body, stimulating the immune system to release antibodies to defend against an antigen.
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antigen-antibody response
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Most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by these two blood group antigens.
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- ABO - Rh |
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These are named because of the presence or absence of Rh antigens.
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Rh blood groups
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These blood groups carry the Rh antigen and are most prevalent.
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Rh+
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These blood groups do not carry the Rh antigen.
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Rh-
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This occurs when antigens of one blood type are exposed to antibodies from another blood type.
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cross reaction
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This is the response to cross reaction.
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agglutination or clumping
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This is blocking of a blood vessel in response to cross reaction.
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agglutination or clumping
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Rupture of cells.
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hemolysis
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The main case of cross reaction.
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Transfusion of incorrect blood type.
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This shot can prevent buildup of anti-Rh+ antibodies in mother's blood.
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RhoGAM
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This blood type contains antigens A and B and agglutinates with both sera.
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AB
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This blood type contains antigen B and agglutinates with anti-B serum.
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B
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This blood type contains antigen A and agglutinates with anti-A serum.
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A
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This blood type contains no antigens and does not agglutinate with either serum.
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O
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CBC
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complete blood count
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This blood analysis measures cells in blood.
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CBC - complete blood count
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leukocytes
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white blood cells
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Normal male hemoglobin (Hb) level.
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140-174 g/L
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Normal female hemoglobin (Hb) level.
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123-157 g/L
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Normal male hematocrit (Hct) level.
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42-52%
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Normal female hematocrit (Hct) level.
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37-46%
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These prevent bleeding, and participate in coagulation, inflammation, and wound healing.
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platelets
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These account for 57-67% of total white blood cell count. Their function is phagocytosis of microorganisms.
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neutrophil
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These account for 25-33% of total white blood cell count and participate in cell-mediated and humoral immunity against viruses.
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lymphocyte
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These account for 3-7% of total white blood cell count and participate in immune and inflammatory responses.
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monocyte
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These account for 1-4% of total white blood cell count and play a role in allergic conditions, parasitic infections, and phagocytosis.
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eosinophils
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These account for 0-0.75% of total white blood cell count. They contain histamine, serotonin, and heparin granules
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basophils
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In a fetus, these are the two early sites of blood cell formation.
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- liver - spleen |
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Bone marrow takes over this process by the 7th month of fetal development.
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hematopoiesis
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This results in infants when he liver can not rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough.
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physiologic jaundice
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Fasting glucose _____ in aging blood.
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increases
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Aging blood takes longer to produce these cells.
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erythrocytes or RBCs
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Aging blood will recover _____ from bleeding, and WBCs will respond _____ to infection.
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slower, slower
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Age brings an increased risk of these two conditions.
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- anemia - clotting disorders |
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This hormone stimulates red blood cell production in response to hypoxia.
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erythropoietin
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The average pH of blood falls in this category.
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slightly alkaline
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In adults, the precursor multipotent stem cell for hematopoiesis is found here.
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red bone marrow
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The white blood cell responsible for phagocytosis of microorganisms.
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neutrophils
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This white blood cell participates in cell-mediated and humoral immunity against viruses.
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lymphocytes
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These white blood cells participate in immune and inflammatory response.
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monocytes
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These white blood cells play a role in allergic conditions, parasitic infections, and phagocytosis.
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eosinophils
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These white blood cells contain histamine, serotonin, and heparin granules.
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basophils
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This blood type contains A antigens and anti-B antibodies.
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A
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This blood type contains B antigens and anti-A antibodies.
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B
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This blood type contains antigens A and B and no antibodies.
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AB
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This blood type contains no antigens, and anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
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O
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This blood type is considered the true universal donor.
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O - (negative)
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People with this blood type are considered universal recipients.
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AB + (positive)
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This blood type has anti-B antibodies as well as anti positive antibodies.
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A - (negative) |
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This blood type has anti-A antibodies and positive antigens.
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A + (positive)
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If the antibodies in your blood match the antigens in transfused blood, this can occur.
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cross reaction |
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