Ap Bio Ch35 Vocab

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Sieve-Tube Members

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A living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem of angiosperms. They form chains called sieve tubes.

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Sclerenchyma Cell

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A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking protoplasts and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity.

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Parenchyma Cell

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A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes, and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type.

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Collenchyma Cell

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A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth.

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Zone of Cell Division

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The zone of primary growth in roots consisting of the root apical meristem and its derivatives. New root cells are produced in this region.

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Zone of Elongation

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The zone of primary growth in roots where new cells elongate, sometimes up to ten times their original length.

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Zone of Maturation

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The zone of primary growth in roots where cells complete their differentiation and become functionally mature.

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Vascular Cambium

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A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem.

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Monocots

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A clade consisting of flowering plants that have one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon.

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Fibrous Root

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A root system common to monocots consisting of a mat of thin roots spreading out below the soil surface.

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Root Hairs

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A tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals.

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Axillary Bud

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A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch. It appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem.

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Apical Dominance

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Concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth.

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Xylem Vessels

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A long straight chain made of tough long dead cells known as vessel elements.

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Ground Meristem

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An area of primary meristematic tissue, emerging from and immediately behind the apical meristem, that develops into the pith and the cortex.

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Cork Cambium

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A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells.

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Dicots

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A term traditionally used to refer to flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons.

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Leaves

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The main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants.

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Adventitious

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A term describing any plant organ that grows in an atypical location, such as roots growing from stems.

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Terminal Bud

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Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes.

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Fiber

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A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support.

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Sieve Plates

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An end wall in a sieve-tube member, which facilitates the flow of phloem sap in angiosperm sieve tubes.

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Lateral Roots

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A root that arises from the outermost layer of the pericycle of an established root.

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Bark

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All tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and layers of periderm.

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Xylem

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Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from roots the the rest of the plant.

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Blade

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The flattened portion of a typical leaf.

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Stem

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A vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nades and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures.

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Perennials

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A flowering plant that lives for many years.

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Epidermis

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The dermal tissue system of non-woody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tighly packed cells.

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Vascular Bundle

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A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a stem or leaf.

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Phloem

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Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.

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Petiole

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The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

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Node

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A point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached.

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Tracheids

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A long, tapered water-conducting cell that is dead at maturity and is found in the xylem of all vascular plants.

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Annuals

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A flowering plant that completes its entie life cycle in a single year or growing season.

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Meristem

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Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth.

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Stomata

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A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

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Taproot

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A root system common to eudicots, consisting of one large, vertical root (the taproot) that produces many smaller lateral, or banch, roots.

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Protoplast

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The contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall.

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Internode

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A segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached.

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Procambium

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A primary meristem that gives rise to primary vascular tissues and, in most woody plants, to the vascular cambium.

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Guard Cells

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The two cells that flankthe stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.

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Transpiration

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The evaporative loss of water from a plant.

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Mesophyll

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The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.