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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bands Characteristics
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Small groups, generally
Highly egalitarian- flexible groups, no formal leaders Also referred to as foragers |
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Tribes Characteristics
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Larger groups compared to bands, typically 100-1000
Largely egalitarian-big women/men |
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Chiefdom Characteristics
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Large groups, typically 10,000-1,000,000
Not egalitarian, social stratification present (monarchy) Leader (chief) and family are higher rank then others |
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States Characteristics
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Very large groups, typically 1,000,000+
Not egalitarian, multiple levels of stratification present Stems from high level of role specialization in the society Government is also specialized Example- United States |
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Economic Anthropology
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Area of anthropology that focuses on economic systems cross-culturally
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Subsistence
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The means whereby people satisfy the most basic material survival needs: food, clothing, and shelter
Subsistence strategies- see handout-- tree diagram in notebook on TRACS |
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Production
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The transformation of natures raw materials into a form suitable for human use
How does production occur in your society? 3 aspects of production - Labor, Mean, and Mode |
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Subsistence Strategy
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What type of subsistence strategy is common in?
Bands- small scale foragers Tribes- complex forager, pastoralists, or horticulturalist Chiefdoms- family farming States- industrial capital agriculture (only option |
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Modes of Production
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The set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge
3 common modes in Human history -Kin-ordered mode -Tributary Mode -Capitalist Mode |
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Kin-ordered Mode
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Occurs when labor is deployed on the basis of kinship relations examples include- family farming. Would occur in a tribe social structure
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Tributary Mode
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Occurs when labor is performed by a primary producer - whether hearing or farming- and then a tribute is exacted from the person by political or military means. Example- feudal societies. Social structure- in chiefdoms and some state level society's
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Capitalist Mode
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Occurs when the means of production are owned and hen workers sell their labor to the owners in order to survive. Example- Donald Trump. Would occur in a STATE social structure
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Means of Production
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The tools, skills organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature
Environment and culture determines the means of a culture Innovation helps society's at where they are today |
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**What mode of production would we expect to see in a tribe
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Kim order mode
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Labor
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Physical or mental exertion or the activity linking human social groups to the material world around them, all is social labor.
Types of labor: don't look for Division of labor By age By gender Specialization |
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Distribution
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The allocation of goods and services
• Modes of distribution (how exchange occurs) o Reciprocity o Redistribution o Market exchange |
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Reciprocity
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• The exchange of goods and services of equal value
• Types: o Generalized o Balanced o Negative |
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Redistribution
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• A mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to receive economic contributions from all members of the group and to redistribute them in such a way that every group member is provided for.
o Ex. Taxes in the U.S |
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Market Exchange
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• The exchange of goods/services calculated in terms of medium of exchange (money) and carried on by means of supply-demand price mechanism (the market)
o Ex. Farmers markets and stock markets |
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Generalized Reciprocity
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Occurs when neither the time nor the value of the return are specified
o Ex. Meat sharing among the !Kung. They shared it with everyone in the band and with other bands. “Social Refrigerator” |
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Balanced Reciprocity
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Occurs when those who exchange expect a return of equal value within a specified time limit.
o Ex. Children’s birthday parties in the U.S. When your friends give you presents on your birthday, you give them presents back on their birthday |
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Negative Reciprocity
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• Occurs when at least one party attempt to get something for nothing, generally without suffering any penalties.
o Ex. Theft, gambling, haggling |
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Potlatch
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A total social phenomenon with great cultural significance
• An inverse birthday party ( the host gives gifts to the guests) • Search potlatch videos on youtube |
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Consumption
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The using of goods necessary for human survival.. plus some that aren’t.
o Ex. We can survive without makeup, candy, Halloween costumes, video games, television, etc |
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Power
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Transformative capacity; the ability to transform a given situation
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Political Anthropology
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The branch of anthropology that focuses on social power in human society
Political anthropology through time Formative era (1850s-1930s) Classic era (1940s-1960s) Modern era (1970s-present) |
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Interpersonal Power
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the ability of one person to impose his/her will on another individual
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Organization
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the ability of social units to limit the actions of individuals in particular social settings
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Structural Power
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the ability of social settings to control the allocation of social labor (among other things)
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Power and the past
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Power (including the ability to change things) is intimately tied to history
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Power in States and Chiefdoms
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Many types of power exist
Power between individuals Power among institutions And so on Power in states and chiefdoms is centralized Government Cheifdoms/monarchy |
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Domination
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Rule by force
Physical force- people submit to power because they are physically forced Fear- people submit to power because of fear |
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Hegemony
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Swaying subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group by mutual accommodations that nevertheless preserve the rulers privileged positions
Accomplished through Propaganda Social institution- clubs, churches, etc. Education- primary one |
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Power in tribes and bands
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Power in tribes and bands is not centralized
"Rule" is accomplished by: Consensus An agreement to which all parties collectively give their consent Persuasion Power based on verbal argument |
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Big Man
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A highly influential individual in a tribe
This person has no formal authority, but maintains recognition through skilled persuasion and wisdom Government-less social organizations tend to resist the emergence of hierarchy |
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Leveling Devices
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Cultural practices aimed at limiting the accumulation of wealth and power
Examples: Sharing among the !Kung Potlatches among tribes in the Pacific Northwest |
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Powerlessness
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-Alienation
-free agency -countering power |
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Alienation
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The deep separation workers experience between their innermost sense of identity and the labor they are forced to do in order to survive
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Free Agency
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Freedom of choice
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Countering Power
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Resistance - physical or not.....
Counter-hegemony |
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Power and Violence
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When human beings are influenced so that their actual somatic/mental realizations are below their potential realizations
Which of the following would be examples of violence? The assassination of JFK A person living to the age of 30 during the Neolithic Period |
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Violence of terms of Influence
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Influencer (subject/perpetrator)
Influence (object/victim) Mode of influencing (action/type of violence) |
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Structural Violence
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The violence that is built in the structure and shows up as unequal power and consequently an unequal life chances
The key to structural violence is thus INEQUALITY |
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Inequality
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The condition of being unequal in terms of power, economic status, opportunity and so forth
Found only in stratified societies |
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Ascribed Position
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Standing based on birth
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Achieved Position
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Standing based on action
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Gender
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Culturally constructed and learned behaviors and ideas considered appropriate for a specific sex
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Human Biological variation
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What types of biological differences exist between human groups? Skin color
Why does variation exist? Because of local environments and people adapt to them. Solar radiation caused skin color to adapt Example skin color: Adaptation to UV radiation or lack of UV radiation Dark skin- prevents too much UV exposure Light skins- promotes absorption of UV light |
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Clines
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A gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next
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Ethnicity
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Cultural classification based on selected cultural characteristics such as language, religion, or dress
Often linked to microcultures |
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Class
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The cultural classification of ranked groups whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria
Class is also culturally based Class in the U.K.- ascribed status Class in the U.S.- usually achieved status |
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Caste
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A ranked group that is closed, prohibiting individual movement from one caste to another
Prototypical example of caste system: India |
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Race
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The culturally classification of people into groups based on supposedly homogeneous and biological traits such as skin color
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Applied Anthropology
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The application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems
____________________ can occur in all four sub discipline of anthropology Archeology-culture resource management Biological Linguistics Culturally |
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Applied Anthropology Research
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Applied anthropology can occur in a variety of settings
The goal of applied anthropology is practical solutions |
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Medical Anthropology
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The specialty of anthropology that concerns itself with human health.
Can occur in all sub four disciplines of anthropology. Bulk of it is by biological and cultural anthropologist |
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Interpretive Medical Anthropology
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Utilized a meaning centered approach to issues related to health and illness
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Ecological-Evolutionary Medical Anthropology
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Concerned with the study of health and disease in an environmental and/or evolutionary context
Obesity Epidemic |
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Critical Medical Anthropology
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Emphasizes the importance of political and economic forces, including the exercise of power, in shaping health,disease, illness experience and health care access
Illegal Organ trade |
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Applied Medical Anthropology
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Uses research skills and ethnographic knowledge to address real world health issues
Cultural Competency Refers to an ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures |
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Culture Specific Syndromes
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A collection of signs and symptoms that is restricted to a particular culture or a limited number of cultures.
Examples: Susto (Latin cultures) Hikikomori (Japan) Anorexia nervosa (U.S.) |
