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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neolithic Revolution
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What: development of agriculture
Where: fertile crescent When: 10,000 ya |
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early ‘domesticates
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wheat, barley, goats, sheep
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Fertile Crescent
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Where: Mesopotamia/ Nile Valley
What: beginning of agriculture |
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Importance and Consequences of Domestication – What happens after people begin domestication?
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they settle down. this increases population density, increasing the spread of disease. also, depending on the variable success of props creates a greater risk of starvation. Gender stratification appears, leaders lead to kings and tyranny
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Archaeological indications that domestication has occurred
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herd animal bones, tools for crops, permanent residents, food storage
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Possible reasons for the development of food production
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increased populations,
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The emergence of ‘civilization’ or ‘state’
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due to productive surplus
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Characteristics of a State Society
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strong centralized government, socio-economic class divisions, a market economy and large populations. Settlements are substantial and may be classified as cities with formal planning and monumental architecture. States represent the most complicated form of social and political organization so far recognized.
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Sumerian Civilization
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settled in Mesopotamia 3500 bce. began irrigation of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
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Consequences of State Formation
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social stratification
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The decline and collapse of States
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environmental degradation
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What is the difference between proximate and ultimate causes?
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Proximate
Ultimate |
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Patterns of subsistence: know the 4 different patterns and general characteristics of each
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Pastoralism- herding
Horticulture- small scale, low impact farming Foraging- hunter gatherer Intensive Agriculture- irrigation and large scale food production http://anthro.palomar.edu/subsistence/Default.htm |
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Culture
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the integrated pattern of human behavior that includes thought, speech, action, and artifacts and depends upon the human capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations
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Characteristics of culture
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learned, commonly shared, generally adaptive, symbolic, mostly integrated (holism), changing
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Enculturation
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the process by which an individual learns the traditional content of a culture and assimilates its practices and value
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Ethnocentrism
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having or based on the idea that your own group or culture is better or more important than others
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Cultural Relativism – definition *** (this will be on exam!)
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Cultural relativism is the principle that all cultures are equal and a culture must be percieved by the beliefs, values, and practices of that culture's viewpoint
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Cultural Constraints –
‘norms’; direct and indirect constraints |
Constraints culture exerts
Norms are determined by how the rest in that society react Direct constraints- very obvious constraints. indirect- constraints that occur when one can't function in society, not because they are doing anything wrong, but they just aren't doing it right |
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Ideal & Actual Cultural traits
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Ideal- the traits a culture determines to be the best
actual- the traits that are actually expressed |
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sex
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biological determination between male and female
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gender
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social classification of masculine or feminine
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sexuality
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sexual preference, sexual tendencies, etc
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Patterns in division of labor by gender in small-scale societies
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Strength, compatibility with child care, economy of effort, expend ability determine reasons why certain genders get certain roles
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Physique and Physiology; Sexual Dimorphism
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a condition of have the two sexes dissimilar in appearance.
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gender stratification
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a society's unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between the two sexes
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Personality Differences
Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Determinism (‘Nature vs. Nurture’ debate) |
Biological- biologically, boys are more aggressive than girls. this has been expressed cross culturally.
Cultural- culturally, certain characteristics like only women have long hair or girls play in small groups while boys play in big ones |
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Cultural Regulation of Sexuality: Premarital, Marital, and Extramarital + ‘Homosexuality’ (Homosexualities) cross-culturally
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cultures regulate sexuality by determining certain sexual acts as inappropriate and"the right way."
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metamessages
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unspoken hints at what is being communicated. i.e. had gestures, tone, posture, facial expression,
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Common plant and animal domesticates
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Plant- wheat, barley, lentils, peas, maize
Animal- Sheep, Goats, Cattle, Pigs(dogs, cats) |
