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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What Culture is NOT
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Not something you can touch
Not limited to some people only Culture is not static |
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What IS Culture?
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An ordered system of beliefs, expressive symbols, values, and knowledge in terms of which groups of individuals define their world, express their feelings, make their judgments, and cope with their environments.
Ideas and behaviors that are learned and transmitted. Nongenetic means of adaptation (Park) |
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Characteristics of Culture
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Learned
Shared Symbolically Mediated Abstract |
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Culture is Learned
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Enculturation – the process through which individuals become cultural beings.
Begins at birth. |
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Culture is an Abstraction
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It’s not something we can touch or see
We take many individual observations abstract from them |
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Ethnocentrism-
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the conviction that one’s own culture and one’s own values should be used as a basis for judging others.
Belief that the things we do are the “natural” and “best” ways |
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Cultural Relativism-
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anthropologists strive for a suspension of one’s own values. We don’t attempt to impose our values on others, but want to see things within the local context.
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Culture _________ The Same as Society
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is not
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Society -
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an interacting group of individuals
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Social structure -
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the pattern or network of interaction of individuals and groups
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Social structure and culture are interrelated in the
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sociocultural system
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Patterns of social structure?
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Status
Role Social Boundaries |
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Socioculture system is
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the totality of a group’s way of life
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Common Themes to All Sociocultural Systems
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Systems
Change Power Gender Ideal vs. Real World View |
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A group’s way of life can be seen as_________________________ which are_______________________
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a group of interrelated systems.
not necessarily harmonious |
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Power –
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a quality or condition that permits one individual or group to control the behavioral options of another person or group
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World View
A group’s view of |
the universe and their place in it.
This includes the role of the supernatural, view of the role with the natural environment, what is proper with other groups, why things happen, etc. |
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World View
The collective interpretation |
of and response to the natural and cultural environments in which a group of people lives.
Their assumptions about those environments and values derived from those assumptions (Park) |
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Revolution
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These are social movements designed to return to a Golden Age of the past or to create a more satisfying way of life.
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The Religion of Handsome Lake
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Life at the Seneca reservation of the Iroquois is bad in 1799
Religion to revitalize the Seneca culture and way of life 5- main morals |
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5- main morals:
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Temperance
Peace and social unity Pro-acculturation Preservation of tribal lands Domestic morality |
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Band Societies
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basic unit associated w/ hunting & gathering
pygmies, kung san must be smaller to not outstrip environment sizes change seasonally & depending on needs: pygmies come together to pick berries, split up at other times egalitarian sole reliance on hunting &gathering-equally rely on each other Societies kin based not class based rules & norms maintained by kin groups Division of labor on gender & age-simple no war cooperation is key to survival share resources between bands no need for leader-survival depends on all-make decisions jointly complete dependence on natural environment -all material goods depended on comes from natural bed -may have nonnecessities from outside Mbuti Chair clothing from bark |
associated with?
examples of? size? social structure? kin or class based? Rules maintiained by? division of labor? goods come from? |
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Tribes
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Yano mano
kuelka Larger & more sendentary; 200-2000 people -economic production based on horticulture or pastoralism -producing food-can go beyond limits of natural environments -lets them be more sedentary -might move to regenerate soil Fairly egalitarian -still kin based -may be a few power differences; one person may have a few more animals than another They do have a “Big Man”-achieved-people do not have to listen to them-‘mover & shaker”-charasmatic, people listen to them voluntarily Frequent Warfare-fight over land No government-several villages Little specialization-everybody can do everything |
Examples?
Size? Economic productions based on? social structure? kin or class? power? |
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Chiefdoms
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Larger & more sedentary
Usually intensive agriculture-same plot of land over & over -as sedentary produce more food, larger population, as more food & pop.-social stratification comes as more specialized jobs are needed. Chief-ascribed-born into-can give orders-power is fragile because society is still kinship based-fulltime job-stand out, everyone knows who he is Redistribution networks Frequent warfare-more land, more food, more people, more land etc… |
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States
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much larger population
completely sedentary-cannot just move thousands or millions of people 2 types-nonindustrial based on intensive agriculture-labor intensive-industrial economic production based on the use of machines Start to see cities High degree of stratification & specialization-more occupation & variation than ever before Political power-few control the many-growth of military that can enforce the rules Not kin based-Class based-fundamental difference in source of power and who is controlling what-much more inequality Market Economy-cash & supply & demand Most complex type of society yet-not necessarily better |
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Non-industrial states
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South Mexico
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Modern Industrial States
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Japan-USA
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2 Critical Junctures in SC Evolution
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Food Production & the Evolution of the state
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3 Facets of economics
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Production
consumption distribution |
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3 primary types of distribution
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Money market
Reciprocity Redistribution |
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Money market
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exchange or transaction in which prices are subject to supply & demand
-typical of class-based societies -goods, services, rentals, -money is medium of exchange -very calculated marked differences in wealth |
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3 types of reciprocity
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generalized
balanced negative |
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generalized
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-goods or services are given without apparent expectation of return
-giving & taking, no money -sustains family in all sc systems(parents give food, clothing, shelter; expectation of being good child-pull your weight) -society level for hunters & gatherers |
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balanced reciprocity
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-explicit & short term in expectation of return
-immediate exchange of goods or services or agreed upon over a limited period of time -typical of agriculturalists -level out in the long run |
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negative reciprocity
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-aim is to profit. typical of class-based societies
-essentially to scam -profit w/o thought of fair return |
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Redistribution
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defined as accumulation of goods or labor by a particular person or place for purpose of subsequent distribution
-pull resources & dividing back out -first seen in chiefdom; requires chief to do -supports the chief -requires a hierarchy |
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Economic Consumption
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subsistence
-food, clothe,etc… prestige -accumulating wealth(class based societies) -Giving away (band societies) property -pastures, land -bands & tribes-common land -class based-individually held |
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Extended Family Defined
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consists of two or more nuclear parent, polygamous or polyandrous families linked by blood ties
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Extended Family Facts
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Grandparent, adult children, spouses, children
3 generations Ecological base usually on agriculture -keep from dividing plot of land Senior level &junior level Old age comes more power |
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Matrifocal Families
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This is a mother and her children with no adult male.
She receives state aid one type of single parent family becomes possible with rise of the state Single parent families more common but not the norm |
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Marriage Defined
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a socially approved sexual and economic union usually between a woman and a man.
It is presumed to be more or less permanent, subsumes reciprocal rights and obligations between the two spouses and their future child(ren). |
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Marriage Facts
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Not all cultures see marriage about love
All seen as culturall sanctioned sex Marriage is seen as permanent Financial obligations |
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