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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What word refers to how people make their living by satisfying needs and wants?
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Economics
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Exchange of products or objects between two or more individuals or groups
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Reciprocity
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Collection of products and valuables by a central authority, followed by distribution according to some normative or legal principal
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Redistribution
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Exchange by means of buying and selling, using money
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Market
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What is generalized reciprocity?
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the giving of products or service without expectation of a return of equal value at any definite future time
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What is balanced reciprocity?
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the exchange of products or services considered to be of equal value
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What is negative reciprocity?
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exchange motivated by the desire to gain as much as possible while giving up as little as possible
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Foraging societies typically have an economy based on what form of exchange?
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Generalized Reciprocity
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What kind of culture traces decent through female relatives?
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Matrilineal (ex Asante of Ghana) |
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Two people are considered parallel cousins if their parents are what?
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Of the same gender
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Complex division of labor is an important characteristic of what kind of economy?
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Market Economy
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What are the 3 fields of obligations Marcel Mauss explains in his book "The Gift"
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To give, to receive and to repay
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The assertion by locals in a Northwest coast native community that the Potlatch helps maintain a tribe's obligations to the ancestors is an example of what type of explanation?
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Emic
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During a rite of passage, the participants are often stripped of possessions, have their heads shaved, and are dressed or painted alike. This occurs during which stage?
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Separation
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In most societies, the transition to adult status is most clearly marked by what?
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An initiation rite
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What is a gerontocracy?
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A society ruled by elders or the elderly
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Self identity, social identity, and roles in society are influenced by what?
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Gender
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Rules that prohibit marriage with a person's own group are called what?
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Exogamous
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What is prestation?
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-a total social phenomenon. Transactions in goods and property is not the only element of exchange. -Fulfilling an obligation to give does not discharge it, but recreates it by reaffirming the relation of with the obligation is part |
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What is one activity that women are often excluded from in foraging societies?
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Big game hunting
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The Potlatch, Moka, taxpayer bailouts, and tributes paid to chief are an example of what?
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Redistribution of wealth
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What is avunculocal residence?
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When the marries couple resides with or near the husband's mother's brother (ex Asante) |
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What is the name of the ritual of gift giving practiced by the Kawelka? What kind of exchange is it?
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Moka. This is redistribution.
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What is liminality?
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Stage of ambiguity that occurs in the middle of a rite of passage
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What are the 3 kinship rules that define basic social units?
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1) rule of marriage 2) rule of residence 3) rule of descent |
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In what type of society does kinship have little to no importance?
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Industrial
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Having one spouse at a time is called what?
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Monogamy
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Having multiple souses is called what?
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polygamy
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What is polygyny? What is sororal polygyny?
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Polygyny is having multiple wives. Sororal Polygyny occur when the wives are sisters (ex Maasai, Kenya) |
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What is polyandry? What is fraternal polyandry?
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Polyandry is having multiple husbands? Fraternal polyandry occurs when the husbands are brothers
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When couples reside with or near the husband's parents they are what?
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Patrilocal (virilocal)
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Matrilocal (Uxorilocal)couples reside with or near whom?
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The wife's parents
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What residence rule gives the couple the option to reside with or near either the husband's parents or the wife's parents?
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Bilocal (Ambilocal)
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What is the neolocal rule of residence
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The couple resides in a location apart from either parents of the spouse
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What is exogamy?
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Eternal marriage, outside of the natal home or community
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what is endogamy?
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Marriage inside of the natal community
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what is primogeniture?
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the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child
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What are kindreds?
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The overlapping, non-permanent, egocentric groupings whose outer boundaries tend to be vague
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What makes 2 individuals cross cousins?
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Their parents are siblings of the opposite sex
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What kinship system is practiced in the U.S.?
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Eskimo System
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What is the Hawaiian kinship system?
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This system is generational. Every cousin of the same generation is regarded as a brother or sister. Aunts and uncles are regarded as mothers and fathers. Cousins are treated as siblings and aunts and uncles are treated with the same respect as parents.
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What is bridewealth? brideservice?
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Bridewealth= The transfer of wealth to from the husband's descent group to the lineage of the bride. This transfers the uxorial and genetricial rights (reproductive rights) to the husband. Brideservice= Custom in which a man spends a period of time working for the family of his wife |
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What is dowry?
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A gift from the parents of the bride to the couple. This is due to an acknowledgement that the wife is giving up the support of her natal home.
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What do you call a person's social (not biological) parents?
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Mater and Pater
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What is widow inheritance?
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A substitution order in which the widow of an agnate (male kin) becomes the wife of another man of the same agnate group which has contributed to her bridewealth.
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What is Sororate?
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A substitution order where a sister or a parallel cousin of a married clanswoman who has died before reproducing marries the widowed husband.
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What is Levirate?
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The brother or a parallel cousin of a deceased man enters a union with the deceased man's husband. He reproduces with the woman, but the children are considered to be the dead man's.
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What is a ghost marriage?
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When a man dies before getting married, the patrilineal kin arrange a marriage with a woman who is married. She has children with the man who is alive but the children are considered to be the dead man's.
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What is the process by which children learn to speak, think, feel , and behave in the context of the social environment called?
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Socialization
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The transition from one category to another (ex. from infancy to childhood) is called what?
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Rites of Passage
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what are the 3 stages to a rite of passage? |
1) separation 2) liminality 3)reintegration |
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What led to the dominate ideas of gender roles/ gendered spaces?
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The rise of agriculture
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What is organic solidarity? Mechanical solidarity?
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-Organic solidarity means that each community specializes in labor. If one community is wiped out, the others are affected. -Mechanical solidarity means that each community is completely self sufficient. There is no change to the other communities if one is wiped out. |
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What are the functions of rites of passage?
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-to draw a sharp boundary that sums up a maturation process which is inherently a matter of imperceptible gradation -to publicize a legal fact in oral cultures — causing it to stick in the memory -to cause the initiate to experience a deep emotional stake in the process, and hence to be committed to the new role
-to “remind” people of social role definitions and to display the proper relationship between complementary roles |
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What is the bush school?
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Bush school refers to an initiation rite practiced by southeastern Bantu people: -groups of boys initiated together every 4-5 years
-dressed in colors of mourning and taken away from home to “bush school” where they live “rough” at bush school for several weeks -no contact with “normal” society, no clothes, short rations (plus what they can hunt); cut off from previous motherly care |
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What is a Subsistence System
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the ways in which the production of goods are organized in societies
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What is economy?
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the ways in which the exchange and distribution of goods are organized in societies
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What is potlatch?
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A form of ceremonial exchange of gifts employed by indigenous groups on northwest coast of British Columbia (Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian and Kwakiutl). The word means ‘to feed’ or ‘to consume’ -Extravagant preparations including much food preparation and the creation of masks and art work are made by the host as gifts for the guestsIt reminded the guests of their host's great riches and their indebtedness to his generosity. |
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What is the social significance of the Potlatch?
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-potlatch celebrations are a significant representation of the host's status and the display of rank and title. -In return for giving away food and wealth they get recognition of their status and that of their lineage. |
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Who is Karl Polanyi?
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He divided economies into three types according to the dominant mode of distribution (reciprocity, redistribution, and market).
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What is money?
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-Objects which serve as media of exchange and which establish a standard of value in a society -Money is scarce, portable , and divisible. -Limited money= Restricted to defined spheres of exchange, e.g. (Pigs in Papua New Guinea) -Multi-purpose= In particular, minted coins and paper money backed by states |
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What is the Kula Ring?
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-Vast inter-island system of exchange within Massim linguistic groups of certain classes of ritual objects (men’s armbands and bracelets) -objects acquired, displayed, and then passed on |
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What is the method of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used and in which land use is extensive.
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Horticulture
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What is intensive agriculture?
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A system of cultivation in which plots are planted annually or semiannually; usually uses irrigation, natural fertilizers, and plows powered by animals.
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What is another word for in-laws?
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Affines
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Who are consanguines
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Blood relatives, or people related by birth
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What is non-unilineal descent?
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Form of descent in which individuals do not regularly associate with either matrilineal or patrilineal relatives, but make choices about whom to live with, whose land to use, and so forth.
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Desent though one line is referred to as what?
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unilineal descent
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What are physical differences based on genetic differences between females and males called?
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sexual dimorphism
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What is an initiation rite?
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A rite held to mark the transition, usually to sexual maturity, of an individual or a group of individuals of the same sex
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