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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scientific Racism |
Cultural classification; Different biological stocks (races) as cause of social and cultural differences |
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Craniometry |
Measuring heads (skulls and brains) |
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Robert Bennett Bean |
Craniometrist - Study: anterior brain for wisdom, posterior brain for physical activities |
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Pierre Broca |
Broca's area - frontal lobe region |
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Broca's Study |
1. brain size proportionate to body size 2. it depends on where you cut the brain 3. age matters: brain shrinks as you get older 4. there are debilitating disease Hypothesis: Whites have large forward part of brain Found: Blacks' foramen magnum slightly more forward |
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Monogenesis |
single common origin, degeneration of a certain races becasue of sin, climate |
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Polygenesis |
Independent origins (most extreme scientific racism) |
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Race |
Typologizing/Categorization |
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Race Typology |
Salient Physical Traits (skin color, hair form) Behavioral Propensities (laziness) |
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Rank |
Racial types into hierarchy |
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Blumenbach |
Delineation of races into a scientific category (Caucasian-white, Mongolian-yellow, Malay-brown, Ethiopian-black, American-red) |
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Hooton |
All races either: 1. Caucasoid 2. Mongoloid 3. Negroid |
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Linneaus |
Taxonomy - Modern biological naming scheme - binominal nomenclature Homo sapiens as ONE species |
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Culture |
Meaning system (knowledge, categories, signs, symbols) that mediates between individuals and their broader social and material worlds |
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The Power of Culture to Naturalize |
Certain behaviors that seem natural |
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Culture and science |
Categories to classify and understand the world |
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'A priori' culture |
Taken for granted worldviews/assumptions (racial categories) |
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Human Biological Variation |
1. Valid and rich topic of scientific investigations 2. Geographically localized 3. Continuous in geographic distribution (skin color) 4. Discordant in geographic distribution (diff. traits don't vary together) |
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Social Races |
Ethnic groups assumed to have a biological basis but actually defined in a culturally arbitrary, not scientific, manner |
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Hypodescent Rule |
Children of mixed unions are classified with/designated into the minority group parent |
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Race in Brazil |
More flexible, less exclusionary categories and no hypodescent rule. Less racial aversion |
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Race and Intelligence |
Intelligence is not biologically determined Socio-cultural environment affects intelligence |
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Ethnicity |
Common identity based on cultural similarity |
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Ethnic Groups |
Group of people distinguished by social cultural similarities shared among its members |
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Ethnicity as Situational |
An ethnic identity that is particular to a social setting or context |
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Nationality |
Membership of a nation/country |
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Minority Groups |
Subordinate groups in a social-political hierarchy/stratification, with inferior power and less secure access to resources |
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Majority Groups |
Superordinate, dominant or controlling groups in a social-political hierarchy |
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Discrimination |
Policies and practices that harm a group and its members |
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Discrimination 'de jure' |
By law; e.g. Racial segregation and Apartheid |
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Discrimination 'de facto' |
Practiced, but not legally sanctioned; e.g. American minorities getting harsher treatment form the police |
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Imagined Communities |
A nation is a community socially constructed which is imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group |
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Ethnicity and Race in Japan |
Indigenous Peoples of Okinawa and Ainu |
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Macro Level of Social Analysis |
Big; unit of social analysis is larger, usually the structures of the relations between societies |
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Local Level of Social Analysis |
Small; unit of social analysis is small, usually a single society, a subgroup of a society, or a single village |
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Imperialism |
Practice of running empire in which one group of people subjugates and dominates other groups of people |
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Colonialism |
Direct governing/administrating of an imperialized territory/colony |
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3 Waves of European (& Japanese) Imperialism and Colonialism |
1. "Discovery" of the "New World" 2. Early industrial capitalism 3. Industrial capitalsm |
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Profit and the Colonies |
1. Direct settlement of overseas territories 2. Resource extraction 3. Make use of local people / labor |
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(Colonial) Slave Trade |
Accessing labor with direct coercion |
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(Colonial) "Blackbirding" |
Kidnapping and indentured servitude (since abolition) |
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(Colonial) Conscripted labor |
By colonial order |
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Local Impacts of Colonialism |
1. Depopulation 2. Dispossession of land 3. Exposure to abusive forms of labor control 4. Environmental degradation 5. Undermining local cultural traditions |
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Disease - depopulation |
Native peoples' lack of immunities to European diseases; visits to the sickly |
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Herero Revolt |
Genocide in German colony - 100k to 20k in 18 years |
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Genocide |
Systematic attempt to eliminate an entire group of people |
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The American "Frontier" |
Space of it is culturally constructed and naturalized; border moves along unorganized "West" |
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Reservations |
Established to relocated native people in order to appropriate their land |
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Indian Removal Act of 1830 |
to relocate Cherokee Indians in fertile Southeast America to isolate land of reservations in the West (Relocation: "Trail of Tears") |
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Corporate Land |
Native corporate land as not owned and thus ready for colonizers to privatize and commodity |
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Commodification |
Acquire land to make it alienable |
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Rubber Production in the Belgian Congo (Abuse) |
Amputation as punishment |
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Anthropoligical theories |
Scientific racism, unilinear evolutionism, Social Darwinism |
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Unilinear Social Evolutionism (and Colonialism) |
"White Man's Burden" to help out the unfortunate races around the world |
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Social Darwinism (and Colonialism) |
"Survival of the fittest" naturalized colonial domination |
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Scientific Racism (and Colonialism) |
Justification of slavery (using craniometry and intelligence) |
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Power and Representations (and Colonialism) |
Representations are a matter of power relations between us and others (e.g. spatial categories and maps) |
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Intervention Philosophies |
Ideological justifications for outsiders to guide native peoples in specific directions (White Men's Burden) |
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Development (economic) |
Industrialization since 18th century as a beneficial process of development and progress (Developed countries...) |
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Rational |
Sane Controlled Responsible Reasonable |
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Irrational |
Insane Uncontrolled Irresponsible Unreasonable |
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Manic Depression (contemporary capitalism) |
Source of creativity/innovation Consumption -> individual health and happiness |
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Medical Anthropology |
Cultural x applied anthropology; to study the social processes and cultural representations of human health, diseases and illness, health care systems and related issues |
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Mood |
Pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the perception of the world |
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Emotion |
Psychological forces located within the individual |
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Manic depression |
Not a kind of emotion but an emotional condition that contains classes of particularly intense emotions |
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Depression and Mood |
Counter-productive |
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Mania and Mood |
(Hyper) Productive |
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Personhood (non-industrial societies) |
(Trobriand) Matrilineage, corporate ownership, yams as man's wealth... |
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Personhood (industrial capitalism) |
Routinization of production since end of 19th century; stability and normality; e.g. assembly line |
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Personhood (contemporary American capitalism) |
Free trade and competition; manufacture outsourcing; lower labor cost at home; less unionized; hourly pay |
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Routinization of Production |
Assembly line |
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'The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' (DSM-IV) |
Classification and measurement systems; medical symptoms = underlying disease entities; therapeutic effectiveness |
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Support Groups |
Social connectoins; sharing feelings and information; tolerance of unusual behaviors and manners |
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Diagnostic Categories |
As a performative ritual; power relations; authority of psychiatrists/doctors; as a speech act |
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Mood Charts (early) |
Filled by doctors; not time specific or time compacted; categorical or ordinal; no treatment; very limited use |
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Mood Charts (contemporary) |
Filled by patients; time specific (monthly, weekly, daily, hourly...); numberic scale; medication suggestion and records; more widely used |
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Capitalist Discipline |
Effect of the exercise of power on people in compliance with goods of capitalist production and consumptions |
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Disciplinary Power |
In contrast to centralized power; diffusive and non-centralized power exercised through social technologies |
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Gender and Mania |
Male = potency Female = failing gender roles |
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Race and Mania |
Negatively associated with irrational nonwhites throughout history (MUSIC) |
