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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality
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An individual's patterned and characteristic way of behaving, thinking, and feeling
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Ethnopsychology
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The study of how various cultures define and create personality, identity, and mental health
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Cultural configuration
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Ruth Benedict's theory that cultures are formed through the unconscious selection of a few cultural traits that interweave to form a cohesive pattern shared by all members of the culture
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Ruth Benedict
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Student of Boas, teacher of Mead
Argued that particular personality types characterize whole cultures and even entire countries. Labeled Native Americans "apollonian" and Kwakwaka`wakw "dionysian" Did research on "the Japanese personality" during World War 2, wrote "The Chrysanthemum and the Sword" |
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Psychological anthropologist studies, according to contemporary anthropological standards, suffer from being
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-ethnocentric (use Western classifications and psychological values and features)
-reductionist (only emphasize one or two features) -totalizing (obscure internal and local variation in construction of monolithic national character such as "the French") |
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Freudian theories that influenced anthropologists in the 1970s
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-The importance of childhood experiences in shaping personality and identity
-The symbolic analysis of peoples' dreams, words, and stories |
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Bronislaw Malinowski on the Oedipus Complex
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-Not universal! No evidence of it in the Trobriand Islands
-Related to Trobriand matrilineal kinship. Children live with mother, father visits occasionally, so dad not much of a factor |
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Are psychological anthropologists today concerned more with variation or universals?
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Variation!!
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Affect
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Bubbliness, extrovertedness. Native Americans in Benedict's study had a fairly low affect.
Western word! |
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Ruth Benedict's two approaches
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-Cultural Configurationism
-National character studies |
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National character studies
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Countries, too, have personalities, according to Ruth Benedict.
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Ruth Benedict's personality traits of the Japanese
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-Order and hierarchy in society
-Shame of defeat -Virtues of family and social obligation -Keep one's name honorable, maintaining "face" |
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Five key characteristics of "Welshness"
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-Egalitarianism
-Martyrdom -Emotionalism -Performance -Nostalgia |
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Mead's work on personality
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Book "Sex and Temperment" in 3 cultures of Papua New guinea in 1930s (one of femaleish people, one of maleish people, and one where American gender roles seem reversed)
-Decided that culture is more powerful than nature in shaping gender and personality -Infant and child care affects personality development -"Plasticity" |
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Image of the limited good
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George Foster's theory that nonindustrial cultures, people have a characteristic worldview of finite resources or wealth such that if someone in the group increases his or her wealth, other people will necessarily lose out
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George Foster
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image of the limited good
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culture of poverty
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Oscar Lewis' theory that personality characteristics of the poor trap them in poverty.
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Person-centered ethnography
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Anthropological research that focuses on the individual and how the individual's psychology and subjective experience both shape and are shaped by the wider culture
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Niwa
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Nepali concept of individuality and interpersonal difference. People do not express individual niwa in public. However, with increasing oscial change, niwa is beginning to be exhibited in public more often.
ex. Some women demonstrate niwa as initiative and agency by selling beer and liquor |
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Salarymen
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Japanese personality type of men who work in the high-paced corporate world of urban Japan. Nicknamed 7-11 men because they leave home early in the morning and return late at night.
Eat dinner with family only a few times a year. Loyalty is required. Regular socializing among businessmen at the club helps solidify loyalty to the corporation. Club culture only temporary ego gratification and is addictive. Keeps salarymen away from homes, leaving sons in isolated care of mothers. |
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Cultural broker
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A person who is familiar with the practices and beliefs of two different cultures and can promote cross-cultural understanding to prevent or mediate conflicts.
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Turkish birth ritual
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Muslim religious leader administers a small taste of traditional honey to ensure that the baby has a sweet life.
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Strong ego formation
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An autonomous self iwth a high degree of independence
Believed by some cultures (Japanese!) that this is promoted by little to no infant-parent co-sleeping. Not necessarily true! Basque children sleep for two or three years with parents and have strong ego formation. |
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Weak ego formation
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Person with little sense of autonomous selfhood and a high degree of interpersonal connectedness.
Believed by some cultures (Japanese) that this is promoted by long periods of infant-parent co-sleeping. Not necessarily! Basque case disproves. |
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Three major Euro-American personality stereotypes
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-Whether infant males are more aggressive than infant females
-Whether infant females are more social than infant males -Whether infant makes are more independent than infant females |
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Plasticity
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Personality flexibility
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The Six Cultures Study
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A classic cross-cultural research project designed to provide comparative data on how children's activities and tasks shape their personalities. Use parallel methods at six sites.
Found two major personality types |
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Type A Cultures
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Nurturant-responsible personality, characterized by caring and sharing acts toward other children
Connected to horticultural groups (Gusii people of Kenya, Mayan in Oaxaca, and Tarong people in the Philippines) Trains in responsibility |
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Type B Cultures
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Dependent-dominant personality, involves fewer acts of caregiving, more acts that assert dominance over other children, and more need for care by adults.
In intensive agriculture and industrial/informatic cultures. Taira village in Oki, Rajput in North India, middle-class euro Americans from New England |
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Berdache
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A blurred gender category, usually referring to a person who is biologically male but who assumes a female gender role. In some Native American groups.
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amazon
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A person, in some Native American cultures, who is biologically female but takes on a male gender role.
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Hijra
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Term in India to refer to a blurred gender role in which a person, usually biologically male, takes on female gender dress and behavior. Frowned upon in India, unlike the berdache
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Gender Pluralism
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The existence within a culture of multiple categories of feminimity, masculinity, and androgyny that are tolerated and legitimate.
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kathoey
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Transvestite/transsexual/hermaphrodite in Thailand. Example of gender pluralism.
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Matrescence
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Motherhood, the cultural process of becoming a mother
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Patrescence
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Fatherhood, or the cultural process of becoming a father
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Couvade
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Customs applying to behaviors of fathers during and shortly after birth of children
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Aka fathers
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Affectionate caretakers of infants and small children. More likely to kiss and hug children.
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Ethnomedicine
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The cross-cultural study of health systems
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Western biomedicine
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A healing approach based on modern Western science that emphasizes technology for diagnosing and treating health problems related to the human body.
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Health systems encompass
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-Perceptions of the body
-Categories of "affliction" -Means of prevention -Diagnosis -Healing "modalities" and healers -Healing substances -Change in all of the above |
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Methods of defining the body
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-Perception of what a "body" actually is
-Perception of internal and external parts -Separation of the mind and body -Attitudes toward surgery -Attitudes toward death |
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Gotai
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An important Japanese value about the value of an intact body in life and death
Related to low rates of surgery |
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C-sections in Brazil
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Vaginal birth is considered primitive, and your vagina will sag and your husband will take a mistress.
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Disease
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In the disease/illness dichotomy, a biological health problem that is objective and universal
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Illness
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In the disease/illness dichotomy, cultural specific perceptions and experiences of a health problem
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Bases that may be used for labelling and classifying health problems
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-Cause
-Vector (means of transmission) -affected body part -Symptoms -combinations of these! |
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Anorexia nervosa
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Middle- and upper-class Euro-American girls. Body wastes, feeling too fat.
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Hikikomori
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Japan, males from adolescence through adulthood
Cause: Social pressure to succeed in school and pursue a position as a salaryman. Description: Acute social withdrawal, refusal to attend school, or leave their room for months, sometimes years |
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Hwa-byung
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Who: Korean and Korean immigrants
Causes: Stress, emotional disturbance, oppressive social relationships Symptoms: Heavy feeling in chest, perceived mass in the abdomen, problems sleeping, hot and cold flashes, anxiety, destructive impulses |
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Culture-specific syndrome
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A collection of signs and symptoms that is restricted to a particular culture or a limited number of cultures, also called "folk illness"
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Somatization
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The process through which the body absorbs social stress and manifests symptoms of suffering
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Koro
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Who: China and Southeast Asia, men
Description: Belief that the penis has retracted into the body |
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Pieto aberto
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Where: Northeastern Brazil, especially women
Causes: excessive worry about others Description: Enlarges the heart and "bursts" through it causing "openings in the heart" |
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Retired Husband Syndrome (RHS)
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Who: Japan, older women whose husbands are retired
Causes: Stress Description: Ulcers, slurred speech, rashes around the eyes, throat polyps |
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Soufriendo del agua
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Who: Valle de México, low-income people, especialmente mujeres
Causas: Falta de aceso a agua limpio y seguro Descripción: Anxiety |
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Susto
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Where: Spain, Portugal, Central and South America, Latino immigrants in the US and Canada
Causes: Shock or fright Description: Lethargy, poor appetite, problems sleeping, anxiety Found that most people likely to be affected were those who were socially marginal or experiencing a sense of role failure |
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Ethno-etiologies
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Culturally specific casual explanations for health problems and suffering
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Structural suffering
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Human health problems caused by such economic and political situations as war, famine, terrorism, forced migration, and poverty. Also structural affliction
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awa
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A common Mayan childhood illness. They have lumps under the skin, marks on the skin, or albanism.
To prevent awa, Mayans are extremely considerate toward pregnant women, to make them content. |
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Phii mae maai
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Giant carves phalluses to keep Thai widow ghosts distracted from sexing women's husbands to death.
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Community healing
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Healing that emphasizes the social context as a key component and is likely to be carried out within the public domain.
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Humoral healing system
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Healing that emphasizes balance among natural elements within the body.
Food and drugs have different effects on the body and are classified as either "heating" or "cooling". |
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Healer
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Everyone is a "healther" because self-treatment is always the first consideration in dealing with a perceived health problem.
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Shaman/Shamanka
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Male or female part-time religious specialist who gains his or her status through direct relationship with the supernaturals, often by being "called"
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Phytotherapy
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Healing through the use of plants
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Criteria for becoming a healer
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-Selection
-Training -Certification -Professional Image -Expectation of payment |
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Selection (criteria for becoming a healer)
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Certain individuals may show more ability for entry into healing roles. In Western medical schools, selection for entry rests on apparently objective standards, such as pre-entry exams and college grades. Among the indigenous Ainu of northern Japan, healers were men who had a special ability to go into a sort of seizure called imu.
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Training (criteria for becoming a healer)
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The period of training may involve years of observation and practices and may be arduous and even dangerous. In some non-Western traditions, a shaman must make dangerous journeys, through trance or use of drugs, to the spirit world. In Western biomedicine, medical school involves immense amounts of memorization, separation from family and normal social life, and sleep deprivation.
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Certification (criteria for becoming a healer)
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Healers earn some form of ritual or legal certification, such as a shaman going through a formal initiation ritual that attests to his or her competence.
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Professional image (criteria for becoming a healer)
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The healer role is demarcated from that of ordinary people through behavior, dress, and other markers, such as the white coat in the West and the Siberian's shaman tambourine for calling spirits.
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Expectation of payment (criteria for becoming a healer)
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Compensation in some form is expected. Payment level may vary, depending on the status of the healer and other factos. n northern India, strong preference for osns is reflected in payments tot he midwife that are twice as high for births of a son as for a daughter. In the US, medical professionals in different specializations receive markedly different salaries.
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hyssop
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Used to alleviate problems such as asthma. From Syria. In Unani (Islamic) traditional medicine.
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Maté
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A traditional herbal medicinal beverage made from the coca leaf in South America.
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Ecological/epidemiological approach
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An approach within medicinal anthropology that considers how aspects of the natural environment and social environment interact to cause illness.
Seeks to yield findings relevant to public health programs. Hookworm in rural China, health effects of urbanization, etc. |
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Geophagia
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The eating of earth. A special form of pica.
Could be related to anemia! |
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Pica
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Habitual consumption of items that are not normally considered to be food.
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Historical trauma
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The intergenerational transfer of the negative effects of colonialism from parents to children
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Placebo effect or meaning effect
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In western science, a positive result from a healing method due to a symbolic or otherwise nonmaterial factor.
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The three approaches in medical anthropology
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-Ecological/Epidemiological Approach
-Interpretivist Approach -Critical Medical Anthropology |
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Interpretivist approach to medical anthropology
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Examine health systems as systems of meaning. Study how people in different cultures label, describe, and experience illness and how healing systems offer meaningful responses to individual and communal distress.
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Critical medical anthropology
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An approach within the cross-cultural study of health and illness involving the analysis of how economic and political structures shape people's health and illness the analysis of how economic and political structures shape people's health status, their access to health care, and the prevailing medical systems that exist in relation to them.
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Diseases of development
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A health problem caused or increased by economic development activities that affect the environment and people's relationship with it
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Medical pluralism
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The existence of more than one health system in a culture, or a government policy to promote the integration of local healing systems into biomedical practice.
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The Sherpa of Nepal
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Three categories of healing practices
-orthodox Buddhist practitioners, including lamas -unorthodox religious or shamanist -biomedical practitioners who work in a clinic that was first established to serve tourist practitioners |
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Kinship system
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The predominant form of kin relationships in a culture and the kinds of behavior involved
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Kinship diagram
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A schematic way of presenting data on kinship relationships of an individual (called "ego" depicting all of ego's relatives, as remembered by ego and reported to the anthropologist.
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three ways to form kinship relationships
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1. descent
2. sharing 3. marriage |
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Foraging kinship relationship stuff
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descent and inheritance: bilineal
marital residence: neolocal and bilocal household type: nuclear |
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Horticulture, Pastoralism, and Agriculture kinship systems
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descent and inheritance: unilineal (matrilineal or patrilineal)
marital residence: matrilocal or patrilocal household type: extended |
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industrialism/informatics kinship system
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descent and inheritance: bilineal
marital residence: neolocal household type: nuclear or single-parent or single-person |
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Geneaology
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A record of a person's relatives constructed beginning with the earliest ancestors
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Descent
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The tracing of kinship relationships through parentage
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Bilineal descent
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A kinship system in which a child is recognized as being related by descent to both parents
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Unilineal descent
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A kinship system that traces descent through only one parent, either the mother or the father
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Kinship terminology
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The words that people refer to kin
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Focused life histories
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Useful in targetting key events related to kinship, such as marriage or cohabitation, divorce, and widowhood/widowerhood.
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ming
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A nickname, what children are referred to in the village of Ha Tsuen. Can reflect bias toward sons.
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Kinship based on sharing
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Food sharing, adoption/fostering, ritual sharing bonds
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Food-sharing
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A child who is not breastfed will not "recognize" its mother in Malaysia.
Breastfeeding basis of incest role. Cannot marry someone who fed from the same breast. Rice-sharing bonds with children. |
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The Minangkabau
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The largest matrilineal group in the world!
Live in Ewst Sumatra, Indonesia, and Malaysia Property inheritance goes through women. They live together in a lineage house or several houses nearby. Often, men and boys live in a separate structure. Senior women controls power, makes decisions. Elements of Muslim faith with earlier traditions and Hinduism |
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Adoption
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A formal and permanent form of child transfer. Infertility and desire for a particular kind of child.
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Fostering
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Similar to formal adoption in terms of permanence and sense of kinship, or could be temporary placement of child with someone else for a specific purpose.
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Ritually established sharing bonds
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Similar to godparents. People bonded by rituals.
Oaxaca, the Mayans, sign of the sponsor's status and the means to increased status for the sponsor. |
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Marriage
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A union between two or more people who are likely to be, but not necessarily, co-resident, sexually involved with each other, and procreative.
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Incest taboo
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A strongly held prohibition against marrying or having sex with particular kin.
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exogamy
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"Marriage out"
marrying outside of your family |
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Endogamy
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"marriage in", marriage within aparticular group or locality
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Parallel cousin
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Offspring of either one's father's brother or one's mother's sister
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Cross-cousin
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Offspring of either one's father's sister or one's mother's brother
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Hypergyny
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A marriage in which the groom is of higher status than the bride
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Hypogyny
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A marriage in which the pride is of higher status than the groom
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Isogamy
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Marriage between status equals
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Polygyny
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Marriage of one husband with more than one wife
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Polyandry
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Marriage between one woman and more than one man.
Himalayan region that includes part of Tibet, India, and Nepal. |
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Family
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A group of people who consider themselves related through a form of kinship, such as descent, marriage, or sharing
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Household
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A group of people, who may or may not be related by kinship, who hare living space
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Nuclear household
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A domestic unit containing one adult couple (married or poartners) with or without children
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Extended household
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A co-residential group that comprises more than one parent-child unit
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Stem household (ie)
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A coresidential group that comprises only two married couples related through males commonly found in East Asian cultures
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matrifocality
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A household system in which the female (or females) is the central, stable figure around whom other members cluster
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Three areas of spousal relationships
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Marital satisfaction
Sexual activity Satisfaction within marriage |
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The "good wife" in Japan
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Japanese salarymen consume lots of alcohol after work. The "good wife" gets husband to eat something and go to bed so he can make it to work the next day.
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The Slave theory
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High-frequency of woman-headed households among African Americans in the Western hemisphere is the heritage of slavery, which intentionally broke up marital ties. (lots of problems with this theory)
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The Poverty Theory
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Woman-headed households are adaptations to poverty. Problems with this theory too!
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Unbalanced Sex Ratio Theory
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Woman-headed households occur in contexts of high male emigration or other situations causing a shortage of males.
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Three theories of woman-headed households
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-the slavery theory
-the poverty theory -the unbalanced sex ratio theory |
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Fadime Sahindal
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Victim of "honor killing" in Sweden
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Three categories of isolation in rural Kentucky that make domestic violence particularly difficult to prevent
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1) Physical isolation (women reported feeling of physical isolation in their lives. Batterer's strategies include removing phone from receiver, locking thermostat, disabling motor vehicles, etc.)
2) Social isolation 3) Institutional isolation (Limited services of the state!) |
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Primary social group
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A social group in which members meet on a face-to-face basis
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Social group
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A cluster of people beyond the domestic unit who are usually related on grounds other than kinship.
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Secondary social group
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People who identify with each other on some basis buy may never meet with one another personally
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Friendship
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Close social ties between at least two people that are informal, voluntary, and involve personal, face-to-face interaction.
Shared interests, shared identity? Maintained through sharing: -balanced exchange (gifts) -co-consumption -sharing time and interests/activities |
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Troy Island, Ireland
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A place where friendship and kinship can sometimes overlap, in small, closed societies.
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Friendship in Analucia
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Divided by...gender?
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youth gang
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A group of young people, found mainly in urban areas, who are often considered a social problem by adults and law enforcement officials
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Peggy Sanday
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Fraternity gang rape case at U Penn
"the train" |
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tzo
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A labor group system of the Bemessi people of Cameroon, West Africa. Translated to "busy bee"
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Cooperatives
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A form of economic group with two key features
-surpluses are shared among the members -decisions making follows the democratic principle of one person, one vote |
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molas
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Cloth with appliquéd designed sewed by indigenous Kuna women of Panama. An example of a craft cooperative.
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Social stratification
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Hierarchical relationships between different groups as though they were arranged in layers, or "strata"
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Ascribed position
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A person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through birth.
ex. ethnicity, gender, caste. |
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Achieved position
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A person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through action.
ex. class? |
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Status
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a person's position, or standing, in society
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Dalits
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"untouchables"
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Mechanical solidarity
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Social bonding among groups that are similar
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Organic solidarity
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Social bonding among groups iwth different abilities and resources
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ethnicity
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a sense of group membership based on a shared sense of identity. Could be based on the perception of shared history, territory, language, or religion, or a combination of these.
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Roma
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Better known as "gypsies", largest minority population in Europe. Lifestyle involves continual movement.
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jajmani system
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A patron-provider system in India in which landholding patrons (jajmans) are linked,through exchanges of food for services, with brahman priests, artisans, agricultural laborers, and other workers such as sweepers
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civil society
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The collection of interest groups that function outside the government to organize economic and other aspects of life.
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Power
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The capacity to take action in the face of resistance, through force if necessary
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Authority
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The ability to take action based on a person achieved or ascribed status or moral reputation
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Influence
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The ability to achieve a desired end by exerting social or moral pressure on someone or some group
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Political organization
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The existence of groups for purposes of public decision-making and leadership, making social cohesion and order protecting group rights, and ensuring safety from external threats
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Band
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The political organization of foraging groups, with minimal leadership and flexible membership
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Features of political organizations
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-recruitment principles (criteria for determining admission to the unit)
-perpetuity (assumption that the group will continue to exist indefinitely) -identity markers (particular characteristics that distinguish it from others, such as costume, membership card, or title) -internal organization (an orderly arrangement of members in relation to each other) -procedures (prescribed rules and practices for behavior of group members) -autonomy (ability to regulate its own affairs) |
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Tribe
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A political group that compromises several bands or lineage groups, each with similar language and lifestyle and occupying a distinct territory
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Confederacy
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A loose umbrella organization linking several local tribal units or segments that maintain substantial autonomy
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Leader
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leader of a band
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headmen
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leader of a tribe
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chief
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leader of a chiefdom
-allied tribes and village under one leader -populations in the severalthousands -it is an "office" -has power, guided by a council -often join into confederacies |
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king/queen/president
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leader of a state
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how bands are organized
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-foraging groups
-between 20 and a few hundred people -membership flexible -leader is "first among equals" -leader has no power, only authority and influence |
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Qashqa'i pastoralists of Iran
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in tribes!
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segmentary opposition
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tribal autonomy highly valued
tribes, though, are willing to unite in the face of mutual enemy once the threat is over, they resume their autonomy |
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big man or big women system
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a form of political organization midway between tribe and chiefdom involving reliance on the leadership of key individuals who develop a political following through personal ties and redistributive feasts
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Moka
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A strategy for developing political leadership in highland Papua New Guinea that involves exchanging gifts and favors with individuals and sponsoring large fasts where further gift giving occurs
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Vanuatu Island
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Have big women!
Similar qualities to big-man Less involved in inter-group hostilities Often healers |
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states
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-centralized leadership, councils advise
-maintain law and order -maintain standing armies -define citizenship and keep track of citizens -have the power to tax -power to manipulate information -hierarchical and patriarchal |
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iyalode
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The women's political spokesperson in the "council of king makers", the highest level of government. An example of one is in the Yoruba of West Africa
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Faction
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A politically oriented group with strong lateral ties to a leader
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nation
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A group of people who share a language, culture, territorial base, political organization, and/or history.
Nations are culturally homogeneous, and the US would be considered a political unit composed of many nations |
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Failed states
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share features of a breakdown in law and order, economic deterioration, the collapse of service delivery such as education and health, sharp decline in living standards,and loss of people's loyalty to the government.
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Critical legal anthropology
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An approach within the cross-cultural study of law that examines how law and judicial systems serve to maintain and expand dominant power interests rather than protecting marginal and less powerful people.
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Social control
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processes that maintain orderly social life, including informal and formal mechanisms
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Norm
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A generally agreed-upon standard for how people should behave, usually unwritten and learned unconsciously
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Law
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a binding rule created through enactment or custom that defines right and reasonable behavior and is enforceable by threat of punishment
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Internalized social control
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Exist through socialization for proper behavior, education, and peer pressure. may also include formal systems of codified rules about proper behavior and punishments for deviation.
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New directions that have emerged in legal anthropology
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-law in postcolonial settings
-legal discourse in courtrooms -critical legal anthropology -law, human rights, and globalization |
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The result of norm violation
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-shaming
-shunning -ostracism -other? the goal: restoring harmonious relationships |
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policing
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a form of social control that includes processes of surveillance and the threat of punishment related to maintain social order
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trial by ordeal
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a way of determining innocence of guilt in which the accused person is put to a test that may be painful, stressful, or fatal
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coercive harmony
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The informal but strong pressure in the US to agree, to be nice, to avoid digging beneath the surface, to stifle indignation at the lack of universal health care or the low voter turnout int presidential elections
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Military anthropology
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-Militaries as culturally shaped institutions
-soldiers in the armed forces -leadership and heirarchy -effect of military on societies |
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War
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organized and purposeful group action directed against another group and involving lethal force
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