Anthropology

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Anthropological Linguistics

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the anthropological study of languages in social and cultural contexts

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Anthropology

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the scientific and humanistic study of humans

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Applied Anthropology

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the branch of anthropology that concerns itself with applying anthropological knowledge to achieve practical goals, usually in the service of an agency outside the traditional academic setting

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Archaeology

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Uses material remains to reconstruct the daily life and customs of humans, trace cultural changes, and provide explanations for those changes

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Biological Anthropology

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answers questions about human evolution and biological variation

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Cross-cultural Researcher

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an ethnologist who uses ethnographic data about many societies to test possible explanations of cultural variation to discover general patterns about cultural traits; what is universal, variable, why traits vary, and the consequences of variability

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Cultural Anthropology

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concerned with patterns of thought and behavior and with how these patterns differ in contemporary societies

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Descriptive Linguistics

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the study of how languages are constructed

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Ethnographer

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a person who spends time living with, interviewing, and observing a group of people to describe their customs

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Ethnography

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a description of a society's customary behaviors and ideas

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Ethnohistorian

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an ethnologist who uses historical documents to study how a particular culture has changed over time

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Ethnology

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the study of how and why recent cultures differ and are similar

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Fossils

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the hardened remains or impressions of plants and animals that lived in the past

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Historical Archaeology

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a specialty within archaeology that studies the material remains of recent peoples who left written records

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Historical Linguistics

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the study of how languages change over time

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Holistic

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refers to an approach that studies many aspects of a multifacted system

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Homo Sapiens

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all living people belong to this biological species, which means all humans can successfully interbreed; may have emerged around 200,000 years ago

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Human Paleontology

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the study of the emergence of humans and their later physical evolution; paleoanthropology

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Human Variation

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the study of how and why contemporary human poplations vary biologically

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Prehistory

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Before written records

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Primate

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member of the mammalian order primates, divided into the two suborders of prosimians and anthropoids

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Primatologists

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people who study primates

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Sociolinguistics

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the study of cultural and subcultural patterns of speaking in different social contexts

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Acculturations

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cultural change from continuous first hand contact

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Adaptive Customs

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cultural traits that enhance survival and reproductive success in a particular environment

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Cultural Relativism

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the attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed within the contexts of that society's problems and opportunities

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Culture

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the set of learned behaviors and ideas (including beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals) that are characteristic of a particular society of population

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Diffusion

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the borrowing of traits between cultures; direct (firsthand contact), indirect (middle man), or stimulus (using ideas of other cultures and applying them in similar ways to own culture)

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Ethnocentric

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refers to judgment of other cultures solely in terms of one's own culture

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Ethnocentrism

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the tendency to apply one's own cultural values and norms in judging the behavior and beliefs of others

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Ethnogenesis

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the process of creation of a new culture

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Globalization

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massive flow of goods, people, information, and capital around the world

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Maladaptive Customs

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cultural traits that diminish the chances of survival and reproduction in a particular environment

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Norms

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standards or rules about what is acceptable behavior

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Revolution

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a usually violent replacement of a society's rulers

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Society

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a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language not generally understood by neighboring peoples; do not necessarily correspond to nations

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Subculture

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the shared customs of a subgroup within a society

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Explanation

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answer to a 'why' question; the two types of explanations are associations and theories

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Falsification

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showing that a theory seems to be wrong by finding that implications or predictions derivable from it ware not consistent with objectively collected data; to lie or not truthfully record data

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Fieldwork

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firsthand experience with the people being studied and the usual means by which anthropological information is obtained; usually involved participant-observation for an extended period of time

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Hypotheses

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educated guess

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Laws

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associations or relationships that almost all scientists accept

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Measure

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to describe how something compares with other things on some scale of variation

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Operational Definition

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a description of the procedure that is followed in measuring a variable

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Participant-observation

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living among the people being studied; observing, questioning, and taking part in important group events

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Probability Value

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the likelihood that an observed result could have happened by chance

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Sampling Universe

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the list of cases to be sampled from

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Statistical Association

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a relationship or correlation between two or more variables that is unlikely to be due to chance

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Statistically Significant

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refers to a result that would occur very rarely by chance; the result would occur fewer than 5/100

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Theoretical Construct

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something that cannot be observed or verified directly

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Theories

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explanations of associations or laws

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Variables

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a thing or quantity that varies

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Code-switching

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using more than one language in one conversatioon

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Kinesics

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the study of communication by nonvocal means, including posture, mannerisms, body movement, facial expressions, signs, and gestures

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Lexicon

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dictionary of all morpheme in a language and their meanings

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Morph

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smallest unit of language that has meaning

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Morpheme

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one or more morphs with the same meaning (in/un as a prefix)

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Phone

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every sound we are capable of making; most elementary part of speech

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Phoneme

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sound or sets of sounds that make a difference in the meaning of a language

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Syntax

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Arrangement and order of words in phases and sentences

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Foraging/Hunting and Gathering

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obtains wild plant and animal resources through hunting, gathering, scavenging, or fishing

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Horticulture

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growing crops with simple tools and methods without permanently cultivated fields

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Pastoralism

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dependence on domesticated herds of animals that feel on natural pastures

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Agriculture

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uses complex techniques that enable permanent field cultivation