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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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History
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Focused on
-transitions -context of events -big events and trends |
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Ethnohistory
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History from the perspective of a culture that is typically marginalized
-context of events -etic and emic perspectives -written and oral sources |
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Ethnohistoric Methods: Archives
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books, documents, maps.
Provides info on population, migration, customs, climate, laws, politics, food supplies, etc |
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Ethnohistoric Methods: Oral History
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2 stories: Time- genealogy and events
spacial- link people in the past to people in the present through landscape -interviews -the story project |
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Ethnohistoric Methods: Linguistics
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information on the language (info within names of places and such)
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Archaeological Methods: Landscape survey
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systematic excavations at key sites, identify evidence of human occupation
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Archaeological Methods: Excavation
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systematic, conserve all materials, site explorations
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Types of archeological data
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Artifacts: Museum collections, fibers, lithics, ceramics
Environmental data: pollen, animal bones, plant material Architecture: surrounding environments Human remains: paleontology, forensic anthropology |
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Subsistence Strategy: Foraging
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reliance on wild plants and animals: hunting, gathering, fishing
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Subsistence Strategy: Pastoralism
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reliance on livestock production, live symbiotically, supplement with foraging, cultivation and trade
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Subsistence Strategy: Horticulture
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Extensive agriculture, multicrop and multi year systems. (non continual land use). Swidden agriculture (Slash and burn)
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Subsistence Strategy: Agriculture
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Intensive agriculture, continuous land use, huge labor investment use of irrigation, use of animals, cultivation, fertilization/pesticides
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Subsistence Strategy: Industrialism
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High amount of specialization, money buys labor, skills, knowledge, social/ economic gap between employers and employees
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Power
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ability to exercise one's will over others
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Authority
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socially approved use of power
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Sociopolitical system
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regulation or management of relations among groups and their representatives
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Band
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egalitarian kinship based, foragers, no formalized leaders, nomadic, more respect based on age and skill
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Tribe
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horticulture and pastoralism, little social stratification, semi sedentary. Higher population than bands. Achieved status, will often share practices with neighboring trubes
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Chiefdom
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some agricultural and industrial, social groups with rights, administrative control (taxes, census, judiciary)
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Empire
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A collection of states. Usually when one state conquers another
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Ascribed status
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inherited by an individual
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Achieved status
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Status earned by and individual
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Egalitarian
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everyone is equal in a group
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Big man
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village leader, maintains power through good distribution
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Village head
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good organizer, participates and distributes
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Domestication
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end of pleistocene, humans responded to changes in environment by breed animals
occurred independently in seven areas of the world between 10,000 and 4,000 years ago genetic change that manipulates genes to select for specific traits that increase usability |
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Desirable traits in plants & animals
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plants- larger seeds, more seeds, decreased toxins, stronger axes
animals- smaller size, better behavior, smaller horns |
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Domestication Hypothesis: Broad Spectrum Foraging
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a subsistence strategy based on collecting a wide range of plants and animals by hunting, fishing, and gathering
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Domestication Hypothesis: Marginal Zone
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(Kent Flannery) transition based decision making in a marginal environment. choose to continue migration or to settle and select from available diversity
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Domestication Hypothesis: Increased Familiarity
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(J. Gordon Child) As climate changes, people are forced into smaller areas and begin farming
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Domestication Hypothesis: Competitive Feasting
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In big man systems, surpluses are used in competitive feasting. People feast with enemies: they invite rivals to try to embarrass them with largesse. Ex. Potlatch
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Central Mexico
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Maize, beans, squash, turkey
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Middle East
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wheat, barley, sheep, goat, cattle, pig
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Andes
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potatoes, quinoa, beans, guinea pig, camelids
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China
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rice, millet, dog, pig, chicken
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Neolithic shift
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from the paleolithic to neolithic a transition occurred from hunting and gathering to agriculture with some hunting.
gradual shifts in subsistence strategies that happened at different times in different locations independently around the world. |
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Middle Eastern Transition
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1. semi-nomadic hunting and gathering (10-12000ya)
2. early dry farming (10,000 to 7500ya) 3. increasing specialization (7500 to 5500ya) 4. origins of states (5500 BCE) |
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Ecological Niche
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eco niche: sum of all the natural selection pressures to which a population is exposed
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Niche Construction
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action by an organism that modifies the feature factor relationship by moving to a different environment or physically adapting to its environment
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Mutualism
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when two species work together in order to survive
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Sedentism
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The process of increasingly permanent human habitation in one place
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Agricultural Revolution
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Took place about 10-12000 ya
creates surplus in order to more efficiently sustain a population allows more time for others to explore different interests less variety, less reliability, takes more work, can cause disease spread |
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Consequences of early Agriculture: Nutrition & Health
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low quality nutrition but high quantity of food
low diet diversity 30-70hr seasonal workload short stature, enamel hypoplasia, arthritis |
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Consequences of early Agriculture: Cultural & Technological
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Population increases- larger families, shorter birth interval, larger volume of food, population density increases
technological advances writing, mathematics, weight and measurements |
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Complex Society: Characteristics
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political centralization
large size, scale, population division of labor class intensification of agriculture trade and exchange markets social stratification monumental construction religion and idealogy |
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Complex Society: Evidence
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settlement patterns and site hierarchies (site size, ceramic distribution and architecture from region surveys)
monumental architecture grave goods (skull covered in jade) Peru-inca burial pottery |
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Artifacts
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Lithics
kilns and kiln waters, debris from ceramic production spindle whrols from textile production slag |
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Social Stratification
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A form of social organization in which people have unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige
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Rise of States Hypothesis: Prime Mover "The Classic"
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domestication and sedentism gives people free time and surplus needed to develop states
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Rise of States Hypothesis: Irrigation/Hydraulic States
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A centralized bureaucracy is created to manage water use and rises into a state.
Makes sense for Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, and Egypt |
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Rise of States Hypothesis: Population Pressure
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Under high population pressure, people will invent new agricultural technologies
This leads to a food surplus, leading to a formation of a state |
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Rise of States Hypothesis: Circumscription Theory
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competition for limited resource in a circumscribed environment leads to warfare
fits Peru |
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Play
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A framing that is 1. Consciously adopted by the players
2.somehow pleasurable 3. systemically related to what is nonplay by alluding to the nonplay world and by transforming the objects, roles, actions, and relations of the ends and means characteristic of the nonplay world. |
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Art
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Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation.
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Reasons for play
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Gives young animals exercise they need to build skills.
Important for development of cognitive and motor skills and may be connected with repair of developmental damage cause by either injury or trauma Behavioral versatility |
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Framing
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A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors either as play or as ordinary life
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Metacommunication
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Communication about the process of communication itself.
Provides information about the relationship between communicative partners. |
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Ethnomusicology
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study of social and cultural aspects of music and in local and global contexts
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Traditional/Folk music characteristics
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Transmitted through oral tradition
related to national culture commemorate historical and personal events no played commercially lack of copyrights fusion of styles |
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Myths
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Stories whose truths seem self-evident because they do such a good job of integrating personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about the way society or the world in general must operate
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Archetypes
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A typical example of a myth is a good guy vs. bad guy scenario
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Orthodoxy
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Correct doctrine. The prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts
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Ritual
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A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech
-Manipulation of objects -adhering to culturally defined ritual schema |
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Rite of Passage
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A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another
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Rite of Passage: Separation
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The ritual passenger leaves behind the symbols and practices of his or her previous position in society.
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Rite of Passage: Transition
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In between period of the states in which a person is separated but not yet reformed into a new person
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Rite of Passage: Reaggregation
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The ritual passenger is reintroduced into society in new position.
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Liminality
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The ambiguous transitional state in the rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their normal social positions.
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Communitas
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An unstructured or minimally structured community of equal individuals frequently found in the rites of passage.
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Marginality
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State when an individual belongs to two or more social groups
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Worldviews
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Encompassing pictures of reality created by members of societies
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religion
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ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses
-prayer -physiological exercise -exhortation -mana -taboo -feasts -sacrifice |
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Cultural Evolution
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Changes over time in learned beliefs or behaviors that shape human development and social life
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Institution
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Complex, variable, and enduring forms of cultural practices that organize social life.
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Power
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Transformative capacity
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Authority
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Socially approved use of power
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Social Power: Interpersonal
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the ability of one individual to impose his or her will on another individual
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Social Power: Organizational
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How individuals or social units can limit the actions of other individuals in particular social settings
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Social Power: Structural Power
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Organizes social settings themselves and controls the allocation of social labor
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Ideology
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Worldwide view that justifies social arrangements under which people live
free agency- freedom of self contained individuals to pursue their own interests above everything else and to challenge one another for dominance |
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Coercion
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The understanding that power is a physical force
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Hegemony
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The persuasion of subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group by mutual accommodations that nevertheless preserve the rules privilege position
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Governmentality
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The art of governing appropriately to promote the welfare of populations within a state
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Mode of production
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"tools, skills, organization, and knowledge"
3 subgroups: production, distribution, and consumption |
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Means of production
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Labor- people doing work
Capital- inputs available for use in production (financial, infrastructure, natural, human, social) |
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Importance of Capital in Industrial v. Nonindustrial societies
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in industrial agriculture, financial is most important
nonindustrial, social is most important |
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Principles of Exchange: Markets
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Capitalism: an economic system dominated by the supply-demand-price mechanism called the "market". Market exchange is when you exchange goods in terms of money carried out by supply-demand price mechanism
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Principles of Exchange: Reciprocity
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The exchange of goods and services of equal value
3 forms of exchange Generalized- time/value not specified Balanced- time limit Negative- hope to get something for nothing |
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Principles of Exchange: Redistribution
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A mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to receive economic contributions from all members of the group and to redistribute them in such a way as to provide for every group member
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Maximization
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Making the most rational and reasonable choice as to maximize the amount of profit made
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Classic Economic Theory
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formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution. Assumes individuals act rationally to maximize profit
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Potlatch
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Culture that gives away excess for free. Often used to show power and wealth
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Kinship and its functions
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-Relatedness: Socially recognized ties that connect people in different ways
-Kinship systems- social relationships, derived from universal experiences- mating, birth, nurturing |
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Nuclear Family
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2 generations: parents and children
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Extended Family
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3 generations: starting with parents
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Family of Orientation
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From a child's point of view
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Family of Procreation
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From a parents point of view
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Bilateral (Cognatic) Descent
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Both sides of the family count, both sides attend important events (lineage is traced on both mothers and fathers sides)
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Matrilineal
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Trace family history on mother's side
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Patrilineal
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Trace family history on fathers side
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Ambilineal
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child chooses which family line to trace
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Lineage v Clans
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Lineage members can specify all generational links back to their common ancestry whereas clan members ordinarily cannot
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Generation
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Kin terms distinguish relatives according to the generation to which the relatives belong. Ex- Cousin would be same generation as you
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Gender
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The gender of an individual is used to differentiate kin. ex- spanish primo/prima
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Affinity
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A distinction that is made based on the connection through marriage.
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Collaterality
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A distinction that is made based on relatives who are in a direct lineage of you and those who are off to the sides. Ex- Mother and father vs Aunt and Uncle
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Bifurcation
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When kinship terms make distinction between mothers side of the family and fathers side of the famly
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Relative age
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Relatives of the same category may be distinguished on the basis of whether they are older or younger than the speaker.
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Gender of Linking Relative
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This distinguishes cross relatives from parallel relatives. Ex. Speakers fathers brothers son is parallel cousin. Speakers fathers sisters son is cross cousin.
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Shared Name Kin
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people who share the same first name must share responsibility of each other
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Joking Kin
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A light hearted relationship Ex- mother's brother
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Avoidance Kin
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Kin you wouldnt spend time with (especially alone) Ex. your brothers wife
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Adoption
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based on nurturing. no biological relationship
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Characteristics of Marriage
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Transforms status of participants
Stipulates sexual access between partners Perpetuates rights and obligations to children Creates kin relationships Symbolically marked |
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Ghost marriage
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When a husband dies and his wife has yet to bear children, she remarries to his brother in body, not in soul and bears his children for the dead husband. The children belong to the dead husband.
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Matrilocal
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Man goes and lives with wife's family
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Patrilocal
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Bride lives in husbands father's household
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Neolocal
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Family begins new household
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Avuncular/Uxorilocal
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Maternal uncles household
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Endogamy
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Marriage within a defined social group
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Exogamy
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Marriage outside of a defined social group
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Monogamy
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One person married to one spouse
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Polygamy
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One person married to more than one spouse
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Polygyny
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One husband with multiple wives
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Polyandry
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One wife with multiple husbands
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Serial Polygamy
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We marry many different people, only just at different times
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Explanations for Polyandry
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Allows the estate to stay together.
Brings concentration of power to the house hold. |
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Bridewealth
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Compensates bride's family for loss of her labor and offspring
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Dowry
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Transfer of wealth from parents to daughter so that the new couple can have money to start household
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Groomprice
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Compensates grooms family for loss of his labor and offspring
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Varna - 4 Parts
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Brahmins - Priests
Kshatriya- Warriors Vaishya- Merchants Shudra- Laborers |
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Jati
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Thousands of sub-castes; the functional unit of caste is occupation.
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System of Entitlements
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Land ownership is less important than people
Mughal system based on usufructuary rights to grain heap People grainted r |
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Class Consciousness
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A belief that you are a member of an economic group whose interests are opposed to people in other such groups
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False Consciousness
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Believing that your class is a temporary obstacle, holding you back from success
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American Heritage of Class
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People are free to pursue wealth, power, and prestige unhindered by class
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Harijan/Dalits
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Outcasters
Harijan- Children of God Dalits- The Oppressed |
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Purity and Pollution
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Religious system where both types are hierarchically ranked
Pure classes dont mix with unpure classes |
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Invention of PsuedoTradition
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Colonial powers with the help of local people invent traditions to keep people under control.
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