Anthropology Exam Three

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Ancestral Trait

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found in ancestral relation+still persists

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Derived Trait

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found in organism but not in last common ancestor

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H. Heidelbergensis (facts and why relevant)

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600kya-400kya
ancestral traits-thick cranial bones, receded chin, large brow ridges, robust procrania
derived-larger brain, slightly higher forehead (frontal lobe), more rounded occipital area
One of the most/the most closely related ancestors to HSS and Neanderthals

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Neanderthalensis

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first discovered 1856 Neander Thal, Germany
skull cap and partial post crania
only found in Europe/SW Asia (27,000-30,000ya)
derived- large brains (1520 cc), occipital bun, rounded crania, larger prognathic face, small cheek teeth/large front teeth, receded chin, heavily muscled and robust (adaptation to cold environment)

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Homo Sapiens Sapiens

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derived- rounded skull, high forehead, no brow ridges, flat face, small teeth and jaws, projecting chin

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Neanderthal and relation to HSS

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skeletal morphology: infant burial that had skeletal traits of both
DNA: mtDNA (mitochondrial) sequence says no relation

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Neanderthal Genome (2008)

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mtDNA
30,000 year old sample (Neanderthal DNA)
genetecists in this project say no relation between Neanderthal and HSS

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Neanderthals and Middle Paleolithic culture

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excessive front tooth wear (teeth as tool?)
subsistence and hunting (meat takes on greater importance in cold)
compassion; symbolic behavior (taking care of the elderly and wounded; evidence of frequent burials by Neanderthals)

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Replacement Theory or "Out of Africa"

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HSS replaced Neanderthals completely with no admixture
HSS arose in Africa and replaced Neanderthals (and other Middle Paleolithic)
130,000 ya?

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Multiregional Theory

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H. Heidelbergensis and Neanderthalensis evolved into Homo Sapiens Sapiens gradually/homo erectus left Africa 2 mya and evolved into HSS
Homo has always been composed of one species, evolved gradually into HSS (anagenesis)
regional variations, like the ones that exist today, always existed

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Leaky Replacement

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best fit model currently for what evidence is available
combo of multiregional and replacement
HSS migrated out of Africa and had some admixture with Neanderthal and evolved some

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Mousterian Tools

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Neanderthals and Middle Paleolithic
efficient, specific tool types
variation between tool types

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Upper Paleolithic

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40,000-10,000 years ago
45 kya anatomically modern humans coexisted with archaic ones
30-25 kya only modern human

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First anatomically modern human

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cro-magnon
high forehead, rounded cranium, smaller teeth and jaw, more gracile

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Upper Paleolithic Technology

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pressure flaking, indirect concussing, percussion flaking
pressure flaking-burins (chisel-like)
spear throwers/atlatls

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Upper Paleolithic Art/Music

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antler and bone beads in Siberia
cave paintings (usually depict animals)
Venus figurines

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Peopling of the Americas

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NA descended from Asian colonist prior to 12 kya
Jose de Acosta (missionary to SA 1589)noticed similarities between Siberians and NA's
George Matunkin (1927) found extinct bison with Paleoindian spear points near Folsom, New Mexico
Possibly Routes: Bering Land Bridge, Pacific Coastal, Atlantic Crossing (neh), Pacific Crossing (neh)

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Mackenzie Passage

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part of Beringia theory
ice free corridor

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Clovis-First Theory

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specific style of spear head found throughout North American by 13,200 years ago
more generalized subsistence
longer than wide blade, fluted

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Pre-Clovis?

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Monte Verde (~13,000ya), Meadowcroft Rock Shelter PA (~14,000kya), Cactus Hill VA (18kya? def 11kya)
this theory, that there were styles before Clovis, becoming more accepted

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Haplogroup

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way to group genetic variation in mtDNA based on a few shared mutations
founder effect between Asian and Native American

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Animal Domestication

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different from plant domestication, but similar in that there were selective human pressures
not all animals were domesticated in the same places

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Where/when were goats/sheep domesticated?

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fertile crescent 11kya

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Where/when were cats domesticated?

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North Africa 9.5 kya

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When/where were chickens domesticated?

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South Asia 8kya

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When/where were horses domesticated?

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steppes 6kya

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Morphological traits: plants

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humans actively select for physical attributes

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morphological traits: animals

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human intervention focuses primarily on behavioral attributes, though some morphological

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what makes for a good candidate for domestication?

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weak alarm system, reduced wariness/aggression, tolerance for penning

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effects of domestication

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skeletal changes, imbalance in sex/age in herd animals, morphological/phenotypic traits (piebald, lop ears)

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relationship between docility and phenotypic traits (piebald/lop ears)

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apparently adrenaline