Anthropology 101 Wsu First Midterm

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Sub-fields of Anthropology (4)

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Cultural, archeological, linguistic, biological

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Ethnography

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active participation to make observations of another culture, based on fieldwork

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Ethnology

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study and analysis from a comparative or historical point of view, using ethnographic info to develop cultural theories and explain behavior

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Cultural Resource Management

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branch of archaeology tied to gov for the protection of cultural resources and involving surveying and excavating historical remains threatened by development - NAGPRA – native amreican remains act

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Paleoanthropology

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study or origins of human species

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Applied Anthropology

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Use of Anth. knowledge to solve practical problems - ex: Use of genetic markers to reunite geographically displaced individuals with their ancestral homeland

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Ethnocentrism

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belief that the ways of one’s own culture are the only proper and right ones

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Reflexivity

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struggle to be consistently aware of inherent and unavoidable biases in thought

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Holistic Perspective

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focus on the interconnections and interdependence of all aspects of the human experience

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Herodotus

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documented ethnocentrism, first anthropologist, 484-424 BCE

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Marco Polo

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Generated interest in western European culture, and china

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Cultural Relativism

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can’t judge other culture by our own cultural norms

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Lewis Henry Morgan

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Father of American anthropology, League of the Iroquois

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Edward Tylor

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Try to offer a definition of culture, social anthropology, origins of religion

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Emic

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strategy for observing a culture. Information from informants, what is important to the people of the culture

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Etic

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strategy for observing a culture. What the anthropologist believes, to be important rules and customs of the society

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Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

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no change in alleles through generations. Random mating. Population large enough for a statistical average to express itself.
No new variation introduced into the gene poo.l
All individuals equally successful at surviving.

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Gene Pool

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sum of the genetic variation within a population

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Fitness

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reproductive success

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Genes

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fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

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Evolutionary Forces

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Mutation, Genetic drift, Gene flow, Founder effects, Adaption

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Prosimians

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Lemurs and lorises, tarsiers
Relatively small
Largely nocturnal
2-1-3-3 dental formula

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Anthropoids

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Old world monkeys, new works monkeys, apes
Relatively Large
Largely dinural
Some terrestrial, some aboreal

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Haplorhines

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Old world monkeys, new works monkeys, apes, tarsiers

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Strepsirhines

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Lemurs and lorises

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New World Monkeys

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Cebidae and Callitrichidae

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Old World Monkeys

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Cercopithecines – ground dwellers, baboon, Colobines – canopy dwellers

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Speciation

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process of forming a new species

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Isolating Mechanism

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factor separating breeding populations, preventing gene flow leading to the creation of 2 new species

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Cladogenesis

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evolution the results with the splitting of a lineage

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Anagenesis

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evolution within a lineage

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Cenozoic Era

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Permitted mammals to expand into new niches

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Punctuated Equilibrium

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model that suggests evolution occurs over long periods of stability punctuated by rapid change

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Phyletic Gradualism

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evolution always occurring

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Key Primate Traits

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Grasping – 5 digits on hands and feet
Vision – binocular stereoscopic color vision
Tactile sense – primary touch organ are fingers, not nose
Large brains – in areas associated with learning, vision, hand/eye coordination.
Parental concern – lots of energy and time for kids
Social – unique and varied social groupings

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Bipedalism

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Good – height, provisioning (carrying things), energy efficient
Bad – childbirth (baby delivered early hips), not as fast, limited arboreal capability

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Anatomical signs of bipedalism

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wide hips, longer thigh bones

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Ardipithecus ramidus

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fossil hominine. It is still a matter of debate what was the relation of this genus to human ancestors

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Australopithecus afarensis

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fossils found in Ethopis; 3.5 to 4 million years ago

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Homo habilis

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2.6 million years ago
Handy man
Smaller teeth
Bigger brains
Stone tool manufacturing

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Homo erectus

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Long and low skull
Large brow
Left Africa
fire

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Homo sapiens

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Cro Magnon
Evolved from Africa

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Neandertal

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Brow ridges
Adapted for cold and arid environments
Compassion for old and handicapped
No chin, large teeth, used as tools
8-30 people lived in relative isolation
Out-competed by human smaller brains

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big brains

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Energetically expensive
Expansion associated with increased consumption of meat and marrow
Greater intelligence
Increased reproductive success

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Oldowan Tools

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Cutting edge formed using Percussion method

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Acheulean Tools

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Flaking on both sides, Standardization and preconceived designs

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Mousterian Tools

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large stone flakes, knives scrapers, hafted spear points

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Percussion method

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hammerstone used to remove flecks

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Pressure Flaking

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stone fragments pressed off a larger stone

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Upper Paleolithic Revolution

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First ceramics and drawings
New means of producing stone tools “pressure flaking”
Invented fish hooks, bow and arrow

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Paleolithic Trends

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Long blades from a cylindrical core
Used pressure flaking to remove blades
Art – cave painting