Anthropology 101 - Mike Masson - First Hour Exam

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The two basic areas of anthropology are

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cultural and physical

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An hypothesis

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is like kind of a "guess"

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An "idea structure that relates or explains a given body of facts" would be

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a theory

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"science" refers to

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1) gathering facts, asking questions, and drawing conclusions. 2) a process. 3) a "way of knowing"

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Which is more powerful?

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a single fact that falsifies the hypothesis

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Alfred Russel Wallace

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Discovered the idea of Natural Selection at about the same time as Darwin

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Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was based on several premises, this is not one of them

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All variants are equally competitive in the "struggle for survival"

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Darwin's evidence that evolution had occurred was based on

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comparative anatomy, embryology, biogeography, palaentology

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"Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" means literally

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embryonic development retells evolution

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Darwin really needed (and didn't have) more examples of

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intermediate fossils

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Mendel proposed that the units of inheritance

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are particles and are carried in pairs

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Red is dominant over short. When Mendel crossed a true-breeding red plant with a true-breeding white plant, then crossed two of the offspring, the next generation (F2)

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were 75% red, and 25% white

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A chestnut (sorrel) horse is crossed with a cremelo, all the offspring are palaminos, this indicates that

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chestnut and cremello are co-dominant and palamino is heterozygous

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(one dark circle in every couple in a pedigree)

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dominant

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two dark circles, three offspring where one is white and two is dark

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in a dominant tree

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A human body (somatic) cell has the following number of chromosomes

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46

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Meiosis

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occurs only in gonads, results in the production of gametes, results in halving the chromosome number, and produces haploid cells

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cells produced by meiosis un humans contain how many chromosomes

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23. - 23 pairs = 46 chromosomes

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Linked genes can be interchanged between chromosomes by means of

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crossing-over

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Hemophilia, seen more often in males, is due to an allele carried on

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the X chromosome

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Physically, the DNA molecule can be described as a

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double helix

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In the DNA molecules, the base Adenine (A) in one strand always pairs in the other strand with the base

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Thymine - (A:T pair)

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The genetic information is composed of codons, each codon

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being made of 3 nucleitides

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Each codon specifies a particular

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aminoacid in a protein

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Mutations may be caused by

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radiation, chemicals, mistakes in copying the DNA during replication

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Scientific Method

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Observation of facts, Formulation of a question, Hypothesis a provisional answer or guess, Test of a hypothesis (an experiment perhaps, or gathering more data) Conclusion on the basis of results

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After repeated confirmations the hypothesis becomes a

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theory

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Scientific assumption

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the world is rational, hence ultimately understandable

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Received knowledge

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based on absolute authority. presumed to be true

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Scientific knowledge

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based on observation, logic, experiment . open to change

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"Particulate" theory of inheritance

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traits are controlled by particles (called genes) - particles are paired, 2 per trait.
Genes may come in alternate forms (called alleles)
Alleles may be dominant or recessive

each parent passes only 1 allele of each pair to each offspring (Law of Segregation) Thus offspring have 2 alleles for each trait, one from each parent
Traits are passed on independently of each other Law of Independent Assortment

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somatic

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body cells

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sex cells (eggs, sperm)

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gametes

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genetic make-up

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genotype

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physical appearance

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phenotype

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albinism

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recessive pigmentary effect, all mammals

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how to spot recessive trait

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not seen in either parent "pops up" and is seen in offspring, this may be a recessive trait

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how to spot dominant trait

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a trait that never skips a generation is probably a dominant trait (could also be a very common recessive)

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Hardy-Weinberg Equation

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p"2 + 2pq + q"2 = 1

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DNA is read in

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triplets, with more than one triplet coding for each amino acid

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changes in the DNA code

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called mutations

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a population has a

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gene pool, made up of all the alleles in a population

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Each allele has an allele frequency, the frequencies always add up to

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1.0 - could be 0.3 + 0.7 = 1.0 -- or 0.9 + 0.1 = 1.0

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Migration, individuals move along distances creating

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discontinuous distribution