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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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evolution |
A change in the genetic structure of a population. Also used to refer to the appearance of new species. |
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adaption |
An anatomical, physiological or behavioral response of organisms or populations to the environment. Adaptions result from evolutionary changes (as a result of natural selection) |
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biocultural evolution |
The interactive evolution of human biology and culture, the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution |
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natural selection |
Most critical mechanism of evolutionary change, first described by Charles Darwin; refers to genetic change or changes in the frequencies of certain traits due to reproductive or survival success. |
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fixity of species |
The idea that once something is created, it can never be changed. Believes that god only creates what is perfect and there would be no need for it to change. |
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Lamarkism |
Environment played a role on evolution, in that with changing environment, species also change and adapt. Lamarck, however, went too far in saying that these traits could be acquired in one lifetime. Giraffe necks stretching to reach high foliage. |
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catastrophism |
Cuvier: A means of explaining fossil evidence that showed species do change, Cuvier suggested that natural disasters would wipe out great numbers of plants and animals and god would then recreate them -- though he couldn't remember exactly what they were like the first time, so they were marginally different. |
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fitness |
Pertaining to natural selection, a measure of the relative reproductive success of individuals. Fitness can be measured by an individual's genetic contribution to the next generation compared with that of other individuals. Synonyms: differential reproductive success. |
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Amino Acid Facts: |
20 total 12 can be synthesized by the body 8 must come from food |
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exons |
Segments of genes that are transcribed and are involved in protein synthesis -- they are expressed. |
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introns |
Segments of genes that are initially transcribed and then deleted. Because they aren't expressed they aren't involved in protein synthesis. |
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regulatory genes |
Genes that influence the activity of other genes: the regulate. |
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homeobox genes |
An evolutionarily ancient group of regulatory genes. |
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principle of segregation |
Genes occur in pairs because chromosomes occur in pairs. During gamete formation, the members of each pair of alleles separate, so that each gamete contains one member of each pair. |
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locus |
The position on a chromosome where a given gene occurs. Used interchangeably with gene. |
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principle of independent assortment |
The distribution of one pair of alleles into gametes does not influence the distribution of another pair. Genes that control different traits are independent from one another. |
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Mendelian traits |
Characteristics that are influenced by alleles at only one genetic locus. e.x. ABO blood. |
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polygenic |
Traits influenced by genes at two or more loci. E.x. skin, hair, eye color. |
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gene flow |
Exchange of genes between populations. |
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genetic drift |
Variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce |
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founder effect |
A type of genetic drift in which alleles are altered in small populations that are taken from, or remnants of, larger populations. |
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homoplasy |
Similar traits that appear independently of one another to fulfill the same goal. Bird/bat/butterfly wings. |
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analogies |
Similarities of organisms based on common function with no assumed evolutionary descent. |
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homologies |
Similarities between organisms based on a common ancestor |
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cladistics |
Approach that makes classifications based on analysis of certain times of homologous characters (believed to be derived). |
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clade |
A group of organisms sharing a common ancestor. Includes common ancestor and all descendants. |
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derived (modified) characters |
Characters that are modified from the ancestral condition and thus diagnostic of a particular evolutionary lineages. |
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shared derived |
A specific character trait in common between two organisms that implies ancestor-descendant relationship. |
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phylogenic tree |
Chart showing evolutionary relationships determined by evolutionary systematics. Contains time component. |
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biological species concept |
A depiction of species as groups of individuals capable of interbreeding, but isolated from other such groups. |
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mineralization |
Occurs very slowly as water carrying minerals (silica and iron) seeps into tiny spaces within a bone. In some cases the bone or teeth are completely replaced, molecule by molecule. |
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taphonomy |
How bones and other materials come to be buried in the earth. |
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Robert Hook |
Found fossils that were identical to living trees but people also began finding dinosaur bones |
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James Hutton |
Wind, rain and heat cab change the surface of the earth (Scotland) |
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Charles Lyell |
Revised the time scale for the study of past life, got Hutton's work to catch on and added empirical evidence to further his point (Uniformitarianism). |
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John Ray |
"If things could mate, then they are of the same kind." Species. |
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Jean-Baptiste Antione de Monet |
Noted the dynamic between environment and species: environment influences animals (animal accommodation) |
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August Weismann |
Weismann's Dogma: Gametes live on while the body dies, soma is built by gamete information, but changes are not transferred via gamete, because gametes are anchored at birth. |
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Thomas Robert Malthus |
Populations (in his case: human) will continue to grow until stricken with starvation, poverty and death. Influenced Darwin. |
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Alfred Wallace |
Wrote a manuscript about how new species come to be and sent it to Darwin: agreed to hold off on publishing it, both were working on very similar theories at the same time. |
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Darwin's Postulates |
1. Ability to expand pop. is infinite, but the ability for the environment to support the population is limited. 2. Organisms within a population vary and this affects the ability to survive and/or reproduce 3. Variations are transferred from parents to offspring |
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2 Types of Proteins Always Being Synthesized |
1. Structural 2. Regulatory |
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Proteins are coded... The code is... |
1. ... in groups of 3 2. ... continuous 3. ... redundant 4. ... universal |
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frame shift mutation |
When a base pair or codon is removed and the chain moves up to fill its place, thus compromising everything coded after -- often lethal |
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Stop Proteins |
1. UAA 2. UAG 3. UGA |
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4 Processes of Microevolution: |
1. Mutation 2. Gene flow 3. Genetic Drift 4. Natural Selection |
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Evolutionary Systematics vs. Cladistics |
1. Both trace and classify based on evolutionary relationships 2. Organisms are compared using specific characteristics ------------------- 1. Characters are chosen differently 2. The groups being compared differ 3. How results are interperated and incorporated in to schemes vary |
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Ernst Mayr |
Biological species concept, 1970: + Interbreeding + Reproductive isolation |
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Allopatric Speciation |
Complete reproductive isolation, usually by geographical separation. E.X. a population is separated and evolve differently based on their isolation from one another. |
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Parapatric Speciation |
Isolation within the same area; hybridization. Like a venn diagram. Blue frogs, green frogs exist in their own neighborhoods and interbreed at the boundaries. |
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Sympatric Speciation |
When suddenly a new trait arises and it is preferential for mating and becomes prevalent, all within the same species and environment. |
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To Become A Fossil: |
1. You can't be left exposed for scavengers 2. Remain in an oxygen free environment 3. Stay in a groundwater free locale 4. Non-acidic soil 5. Low ground pressure |
