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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Order Primate features |
grasping hands and feet opposable big toe and thumb nails (not claws) five digits clavicle lesser sense of smell and hearing eyes forward (not sideways) post orbital bar |
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Sub Order Anthropoidea features (monkeys, Apes, and Humans) |
lesser sense of smell, dry nose, short snout diurnal nails (more developed sense of touch) more generalized diet reduced number of teeth more complex, larger brains post orbital plate (eye cup) /smaller ears on the side |
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Sub Order Prosimians features (lemurs, lorises, galagos, tarsiers) |
more developed sense of smell
long snout, wet nose (rhinarium) nocturnal (many of them) claws in some (less developed sense of touch) more specialized diet more teeth in some less complex, small brain post orbital bar |
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Infra Order Catarrhini features (all old world monkeys, Apes, Humans) |
narrow noses thin nostrils point down arboreal or terrestrial dental formula 2.1.2.3 sexual dimorphism in some |
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Infra Order Platyrrhini (all new world monkeys) |
all geographically located in "new world" wide nasal septum, nostrils to the side arboreal only some prehensile tails dental formula 2.1.3.3. |
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Super Family Hominoidea (apes and humans) |
no tails Y-5 dental pattern long arms, shorter hind limbs (except humans) larger overall size broad thorax |
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Super Family Circopithecoidea (all old world monkeys) |
tails bilophodont dental pattern tend to be smaller equal length of limbs |
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Family Hylobatidae (lesser apes, gibbons and siamangs) |
skilled brachiators widely spaced eyes long forelimbs and legs small monogamous families small build |
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Family Pongidae (Great Apes) |
large size (males twice the size of females) primarily forest primates herbivores climb and walk using all limbs short trunks, broad chests long arms, hands and feet |
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Family Hominidae (humans) (homo) (also Pongo, Gorilla, Pan) |
us |
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taxonomy of humans |
Order: Primates Suborder: Anthropoidea Superfamily: Hominoidea Family: Hominidae |
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four subfields of anthropology |
Cultural Anthropology Archaeology Linguistic Anthropology Physical Anthropology |
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Cultural Anthropology methods |
study cultures and societies of human beings observations presented in ethnography |
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Archeology Methods |
study past societies and their cultures expecially the material remains of the past (tools, food remains, and places where people lived) |
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Linguistic Anthropolgy |
study of language, especially how language is structured, evolution of language and it ssocial and cultural contexts |
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Physical Anthropology |
study of human evolution and variation, both past and current |
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Sub Fields of Physical Anthropology |
Paleoanthropology Molecular anthropology Primatology Osetology Paleopathology Forensic anthropology Population genetics |
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Science is based on 3 assumptions |
•SharedObjective Reality •NaturalLaws *CommonPerception by means of systematic observation and experimentation |
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Scientific Method |
*empirical observations *research background knowledge *hypothesis formation *testing/data collection *theory or rejection of hypothesis |
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Theories |
are not proven "right", they just have not been proven "wrong" |
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prokaryote |
single cell organism |
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eukaryote |
multiple cell organism |
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mtDNA |
mitochondrial DNA located in the organelles called the mitochondria mtDNA is passed along the female also known as the "Eve" gene |
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A, B, O Blood Groups |
A- has antigen A and ANTIbodies-B B- has antigen B and ANTIbodies-A AB- has antigen A & B, no antibodies O- has non antigens, and antibodies to A&B |
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Polygenic traits |
a trait whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene (height, skin color, eye color, etc) |
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Pleiotropy |
one gene being responsible for affecting more than one phenotypical trait |
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gene |
the basic unit of inheritance a sequence of DNA on a chromosome, coded to produce a specific protein |
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Allele |
one or more alternate forms of a gene can be recessive or dominant |
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Dominant alleles |
*dominant allele produces a dominant phenotype in individuals who have one copy of the allele, (maybe from one parent)
An individual with one dominant and one recessive allele for a gene will have the dominant phenotype. They are generally considered “carriers” of the recessive allele: the recessive allele is there, but the recessive phenotype is not. |
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recessive allele |
for a recessive allele to produce a recessive phenotype, the individual must have two copies, one from each parent. |
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co-dominance |
codominance, a cross between organisms with two different phenotypes produces offspring with a third phenotype in which both of the parental traits appear together. |
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genotype |
genetic makeup of an organism (the combination of allelas for a given gene) |
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phenotype |
physical expression of the genotype (may be influenced by the environment) |
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chromosomes |
strand of DNA found in teh nucleus of a eukaryote cell contains hundreds of thousands of genes |
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homozygous |
Alternative forms of a given gene are called alleles, and they can be dominant or recessive. When an individual has two of the same allele, whether dominant or recessive, they are homozygous .
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heterozygous |
having dissimilar pairs of genes for any hereditary characteristic.
diploid organism is heterozygous at a gene locus when its cells contain two different alleles of a gene |
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Evolution |
Darwin---"Descent with modification" biological change from generation to generation any change in gene (allele) frequencies from one generation to the next |
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macroevolution |
generally refers to evolution above the species level. So instead of focusing on an individual beetle species, a macroevolutionary lens might require that we zoom out on the tree of life, to assess the diversity of the entire beetle clade and its position on the tree. |
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microevolution |
Microevolution is evolution on a small scale — within a single population. That means narrowing our focus to one branch of the tree of life. |
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natural selection |
the process by which some organisms that have traits/features that enable them to adapt to the environment, survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those traits in the population over time |
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genetic drift |
random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next has a greater effect in small populations |
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founder effect |
accumulation of random genetic changes in a small population that have become isolated this accumulation of changes is attributes to the genetic input of only a few colonizers |
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speciation |
evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated biological populations evolve to become distinct species. |
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reproductive isolation |
any circumstance that prevents two populations from interbreeding |
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gene flow |
exchange of alleles between two populations |
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mutation |
a random change in a gene or chromosome creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious or neutral |
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inheritance of acquired characteristics |
Lamarck's theory that if an organism changed over its life, that it would pass on those characteristic changes to its offspring |
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blending of inheritance |
Hereditary materials from male and female parents mix to form the offspring, and once blended, the hereditary material is inseparable.Since the hereditary material is inseparable, the population should reach a uniform appearance after many generations. |
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the principles of inheritance |
1. There are alternative forms for genes, the units that determine inheritable characteristics: 2.For each inherited characteristic, an organism has two alleles, one inherited from each parent. 3. A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited characteristic, At fertilization, the sperm and egg unite with both 4. When the two alleles of a pair are different, one is dominant and one is recessive |
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DNA replication |
DNA replication- DNA unzips, exposing two parental strands of DNA
Free floating nucleotides bond with the newly exposed parent strips of DNA, These free floating nucleotides come from our food |
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4 bases of DNA |
Adenine - binds with Thymine Cytosine - binds with guanine |
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DNA Protein synthesis 1st step- transcription |
transcription- DNA unzips, exposing two daughter strands of DNA. Free floating RNA nucleotides match one of the daughter strands. the strand of Messenger RNA moves out of nucleus into cytoplasm |
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DNA Protein synthesis 2nd step- translation |
translation - messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm transfers amino acids to the ribosomes |
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epigenetics |
potentially heritable changes in the behavior or biology without changes in the DNA itself. a change in phenotype without a change in genotype |
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uniformitarianism |
theory that processes that occured in the geologic past are still at work today |
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catastrophism |
cataclysmic events, rather than evolutionary processes are responsible for geologic changes in Earth's history |
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Homeotic (Hox) genes |
regulatory genes that are responsible for the regulation of the different specific segments of the body (head, tail, limbs) during embryologic development |
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# of Coding (protein-producing) vs. non-coding DNA |
5% of DNA is coding (protein producing) DNA. the other DNA serves regulatory functions |
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mitosis |
happens in SOMATIC CELLS
one duplication of chromosomes followed by separation into 2 daughter cells each daughter cell has 46 chromosomes and are identical to the parent cell |
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meiosis |
happens in gametes (sex cells) one duplication of chromosomes followed by two cell divisions produces 4 daughter cells with 23 chromosomes |
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fitness |
average # of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype, compared to # offspring produced by parents with another genotype |
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gametes |
sex cells sperm and ovum each have 23 chromosomes two types (parental and daughter) |
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somatic cells |
every somatic cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes the pairs are homologous (one from Mom and one from Dad) |
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Errors that occur during Meiosis
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Translocations
Non-disjunction |
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Translocation |
rearrangements in chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to the other causes infertility, down syndrome, and other diseases |
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nondisjunction |
failure of chromosomes to properly segregate during meiosis. Creates some gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes. Causes incorrect # of chromosomes in a person's genome Monosomy-loss in number of chromosomes Trisomy- gain in number of chromosomes (Downs Syndrome) |
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Mendel's Principles of Inheritance |
Principle of Segregation: for any particular trait, the pair of alleles of each parent seperate and only one allele passes from each parent on to an offspring (by chance only which can create new pairs of alleles) Principle of Independent Assortment: alleles are passed to offspring independently of each other (the inheritance of one trait does not affect the ingeritance of another) |
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Exceptions to Mendel's principles of inheritance Linkage |
exception to the Principle of independent assortment: Linkage: inheritance of a package of genes on the same chromosome, especially ones near each other have a greater chance of being inherited together |
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Exceptions to Mendel's principles of inheritance Polygenic traits |
one trait affected by two or more genes (eye color is affected by at least 3 genes) |
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Exceptions to Mendel's principles of inheritance Pleiotropy |
a single gene may be responsible for a variety of traits |
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Thomas Malthus |
teorized that population was limited by food supply and insufficeint food supply would lead some to fall in to poverty |
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Georges Cuvier |
most important conribution to science was the concept of extinction studied fossils |
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James Hutton |
calculated Earth's age as millions of years provided geologic timespan for evolution |
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Charles Lyell |
provided more geologic evidence to Hutton's ideas of Earth's age |
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Herbert Spencer |
original user of the phrase "Survival of the Fittest" He was referring to the rich elites surviving and the poor naturally dying out |
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Jean Baptist Lamarck |
"Lamarckism" proposed erroneous theory of evolution "inheritance of acquired characteristics" |
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Gregor Mendel |
mendelian inheritance |
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Franz Boas |
"father of anthropology" laid the foundation for scientific anthropology by applying the scientific method studied skulls and found that there was only slight mathematical variance in skulls concluded the concept of race was invalid |
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Johann Friedrich Blumenbach |
studied several hundred skulls developed the idea that there were 5 different races of people based upon these skulls and that the races of people did not change over time |
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Sarah Hrdy |
theorized that males kill nursing infant so that mother stops lactating , resumes ovulation and becomes sexually receptive this further enhances his reproductive fitness |
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Richard Lewontin |
found that so called races accounted for only 5%-10% genetic diversity concluded that most genetic variation occured across human populations regardless of "racial" mfakeup there is no taxonomical significane to the concept of "race" |
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arboreal adaptations (why primates are good at living in trees) |
1. versatile skeletal structure emphasizing mobility and flexibility(wrists, toes, thumbs, joints) 2. enhanced sense of touch (fingerprints, nails instead of claws) 3. Enhanced sense of vision (convergence of eyes (depth perception) and color vision. |
