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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two definitions for evolution?
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1) change in allele frequency between generations
2) decent with modifications from a common ancestor |
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What are the 4 theoretical mechanisms of evolution?
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mutation
natural selection genetic drift gene flow |
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What is mutation?
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Mutation is a change in gene sequence.
3 types: insertion, deletion, substitution insertion and deletion are frame shift mutations. substitution is the substitution of one or more nucleotide for another nucleotide. insertion and deletion is the loss or gain of a nucleotide in the protein chain. 2 broader types = synonymous and non-synonymous = same protein production and different protein production |
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What is natural selection?
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Differential fitness of a phenotype or genotype in the context of a specific environment.
A trait will aid in the survival or reproduction of an individual based upon their environment. Though a trait that works for one individual in a specific environment may not work in another environment. |
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What is genetic drift?
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Random fluctuation of alleles between generations that has no impact on fitness.
There will be less variability within a population, and more variability between populations. A gene will try and reach fixation by either reaching 100% or 0%. |
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What is gene flow?
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Two previously isolated populations come together to create novelty genes.
There will be an increase in variability within the populations and a decrease between variability because similarity increases. |
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What are the capacities for nucleotide bonding?
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Adenine bonds with Thiamine (A--T)
Cytosine bonds with Guanine (C--G) Guanine bonds with Cytosine (G--C) Thiamine bonds with Adenine (T--A) Adenine reads as Uracil (A=U) |
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When does the brain stop growing? (Not developing!)
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Age 6 (development stops in your 20s!)
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How is skin pigmentation varied?
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The closer to the equator you are, the darker your skin pigmentation. The farther away the lighter.
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General Adaptation
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trait that enhances survival and reproduction in an environment, where a gene is favored by natural selection.
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Functional Adaptation
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how the environment influences a in the development of a trait (flat headed baby = wear helmet)
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Negative Feedback
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is the central nervous systems way of responding to a threat/stress
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Antibodies
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Agents in our blood that respond to invasive organisms
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Phagocytic Cells
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responsible for showing up and consuming invasive organisms
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Antigens
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decide who can bond with the antibodies (who is friend vs. who is enemy)
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Type AB Blood
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A and B antigens attached to blood cells, and no antibodies. This blood type is a universal recipient!
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Type O Blood
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Type A and B antibodies, but don't have A and B antigens. They are the universal donor. Only used in an emergency though!
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Geographical distribution of
A allele B allele O allele |
A exists at no greater than 40%
B exists at no greater than 30% O exists at no lower than 50% |
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RH system
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RH- is only expressed under homozygosity. The first birth is fine, the second is usually terminated because the anti RH antibodies attack the second fetus' red blood cells.
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Malaria
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Infectious disease caused by a parasite
Genus: Plasmodium Species: Falsiparium and Vivax |
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What is resistant to Malaria?
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Heterozygous
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AA allele and S allele
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homozygous recessive and dominant are neither immune to malaria.
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What MUST you have in order to receive a blood transfusion from Type AB blood type?
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You have to have A and B antigens so that they know not to attack
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Growth
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Change in organ structure an size
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What is race?
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A social construct. It does not have anything to do with your health. Health is socially and economically affected!
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How much energy does the brain demand in infancy?
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50% associated with metabolic rate for brain development.
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When does infancy stage end?
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At approx. two years, with the appearance of the second insidious molar.
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Adolesense
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When social and sexual maturation is developing. Awkward. Experience the most growth! Ends when your growth plates close, about age 20.
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Senesence
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The breakdown of maturation. We are the only species who experience this! (and childhood) It is associated with the grandmother hypothesis.
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What are linked to growing rate of obesity?
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Undernourishment at the infant/fetal stage. No longer nomadic and increased availability of sugary foods.
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Golden Bow (SP)
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Cultural and religious beliefs are ranked among societies. Edward Tyler and James Fraser.
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what is culture a product of?
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Culture and society are a product of your environment
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What is inclusive fitness?
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You will sacrifice yourself for whom you have a closer or immediate tie with.
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Sociobiologists (SP)
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Genetic predisposition for aggressive behaviors. Behavior is genetically selected!!!!!
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Behavioral Ecology
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No behavior is 100% genetic, and can be shaped by our environment to make the most optimal decision!!!
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Parental Investment Theory
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Competition between males for females aids in more offspring.
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Evolutionary Psychology
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natural selection can not act on behavior. It acts on genes. Rooted in genes that control outcomes. (Paleo mindset)
Used to explain violence, child abuse, and sexual assault. |
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Paleo Mindset
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Technologically advanced caveman!
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Michael Daly, Cinderella Theory
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Child abuse. A childs mother who cohabitates is 33% more likely to suffer from child abuse than when both parents live in the house.
Males in particular try to kill offspring of other males where social take over happens. |
